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26 results for “Megalonychidae”
Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae.
Figure 18 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 18. Strict consensus tree of two most-parsimonious trees resulting from a heuristic search using the computer program NONA version 2.0 (tree length = 157, consistency index = 0.42, retention index = 0.56) showing the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. with other Tardigrada.
Figure 17 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 17. Drawings of the cuboid and posterior digits of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, right cuboid in posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the right), lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. D, E, left Mt III in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) and posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. F, G, right Mt V in medial (anterior towards the top, plantar towards the left) and dorsal (anterior towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. H, left third posterior digit in lateral view (dorsal towards the top, anterior towards the left) with from left to right P3–[P2 missing]–P1–Mt III. Astf, astragalus facet; Calf, calcaneum facet; Cubf, cuboid facet; Ectf, ectocuneiform facet; lw, lateral wing; Mt II–Vf, metatarsals 2–5 facets; plp, plantar process; P1f, first phalanx facet; Pf?, phalanx facet? Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 16 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 16. Photographs (A, C–H) and a drawing (B) of the left calcaneum in dorsal view (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left) of: A, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15, reversed from the original) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, Megalonyx jeffersonii [LACM 20095, modified from Stock (1925)] from the Quaternary of North America; C, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9437, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968) reversed from the original] from the Early Hemphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; D, Acratocnus ye [UF 170269, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; E, Neocnus dousman [UF 170291, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; F, Neocnus toupiti [UF 170443, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; G, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 16876, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959)] from the Quaternary of Cuba; H, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 15 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 15. Left astragali in dorsal (A–G, posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (H–N, posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and distal (O–S, dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views of: A, H, O, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, I, P, Planops martini (cast of BMNH M-9214) from the lower Miocene of Cap Fairweather, Patagonia, Argentina (Hoffstetter, 1961: 61); C, J, Q, Hapalops sp. (MNHN SCZ 168, unpublished astragalus) from the Santacrucian (Early Middle Miocene) of Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina; D, K, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 49984, from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959) reversed from the original] from the Pleistocene of Cuba; E, L, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9440, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968)] from the Early Amphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; F, M, R, Xyophorus villarroeli (MNHN ACH 15, reversed from the original) from the Huayquerian (Late Miocene) of Achiri, Bolivian Altiplano (St-André, 1996: fig. 8); G, N, S, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. The arrows underline the transformation of the astragalar morphology: A–G, the angle between the principal axis of the discoid and odontoid processes and the position of the 'stud' relative to the principal axis of the discoid facet; H–N, extension(s) of the ectal facet; O–S, the angle between the surfaces of the discoid and odontoid facets. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 13 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 13. Photographs of the innominate of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen), in dorsal (A, anterior towards the top), ventral (B, anterior towards the top), and left lateral (C, anterior towards the left) views. acf, acetabular fossa; il, ilium; sa, sacrum; sv1–sv6(?), first to possible sixth sacral vertebrae; vfb; vertebral foramen of the body (passage of vertebral veins). In (C), the arrows outline the inclination of the ilium relative to the sacrum. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 14 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 14. Drawings of calcaneum and astragalus of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, left calcaneum in dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. D–F, left astragalus in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left), dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), and plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right) views, respectively. ass, astragalar sulcus; asst, astragalar sustentaculum; Astf, astragalar facets; Calf, calcaneal facets; Cubf, cuboid facet; df, discoid facet; dplf, dorsoplantar foramen; ectf, ectal facet; Fibf, fibular facet; Navf, navicular facet; of, odontoid facet; stf, sustentacular facet; tc, tuber calcanei; Tibf, tibial facets (astragalar trochlea). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 11 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 11. Drawings and photographs of the left (A, B) and right (C, D) manus in dorsal view (proximal towards the top) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). Cun, cuneiform; Lun, lunar; Mc II–IV, metacarpals 2–4; P3-III, ungual phalanx of the third digit; Sc, scaphoid; Unc, unciform. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 9 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 9. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the arm (scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, and some elements of the hand) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi, showing areas of musculature origins and insertions. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 8 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 8. Photographs of the pectoral girdle and long bones of the forelimb of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, B, right scapula in lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left) and anterior (anterior towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. C, proximal articular facets of the right ulna in anterodistal view, to observe the orientation of the radial notch relative to the coronoid process. D–F, right ulna in lateral, anterior, and medial views, respectively. G–I, right radius in anterior, lateral, and posterior views, respectively. ac, acromion; acr, anterior crests of the radius; ap, anconeal process; cd, capitular depression; corp, coronoid process; cp, coracoid process; csf, coracoscapular foramen; drc, distal radial contact; duc; distal ulnar contact; gap, groove for tendon of the abductor pollicis longus; gec, groove for the M. extensor carpi radialis; gf, glenoid fossa; he, head; ic, interosseous crest; isf, infraspinous fossa; Lunf, lunar facet; ne, neck; nf, nutrient foramen; ol, olecranon; psf, postscapular fossa; rn, radial notch; rt, radial tuberosity; sbsf, subscapular fossa; Scf, scaphoid facet; sn, styloid notch; sp, styloid process; ssf, supraspinous fossa; ss, scapular spine; sss, secondary scapular spine; trn, trochlear notch; Ulf, ulnar facet; Uncf?, unciform facet. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 4 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 4. Photographs of the skull of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, anterior portion of the skull in lateral view (anterior towards the left), B, C, posterior portion of the skull in lateral and occipital views, respectively. caf, carotidian foramen; eam, external auditory meatus; ent, entotympanic; eop, external occipital protuberance; fm, foramen magnum; foo, foramen ovale; fr, frontal; frpas, frontoparietal suture; itap, interparietal process; max, maxilla; M1a–M4a, alveolae of the anterior four upper molariform teeth; M5, fifth upper molariform tooth; oc, occipital condyle; ocr, occipital crest; pa, parietal; pasos, parietosupraoccipital suture; pmp, pars mastoidea of the periotic; pp, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; so; supraoccipital; sqpas, squamosoparietal suture; zpm, zygomatic process of the maxilla, zps, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 10 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 10. Photographs (A–H, K–L) and drawings (I, J, M–O) of right humeri in anterior (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O) and posterior (B, D, F, H, J, L, N) views of: A–D, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. [A, B, holotype NMR-PZ M4286 from Casa del Diablo cave, after Nordenskiöld (1908: fig. 2); C, D, referred material MNHN CPN 9–1 from Piedra Escrita, Cupisnique Desert, reversed from the original]. E, F, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 49969, reversed from the original, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959: fig. 14)]. G, H, Parocnus browni [AMNH 49918, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959: figs 32.1, 33.1)]. I, J, Acratocnus ye [UF 75528, reversed from the original, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b: fig. 6A, B)]. K–L, Eucholoeops ingens (FMNH P13125). M, N, Pliometanastes prostitus [UCMP 97371, reversed from the original, modified from Hirschfeld (1981: fig. 4)]. O, Megalonyx jeffersonii [LACM 21003, reversed from the original, modified from Stock (1925)]. c, capitulum; dc, deltopectoral crest; gt, greater tubercle; he, head; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser tubercle; me, medial epicondyle; olf, olecranon fossa, raf, radial fossa; tr, trochlea. Scale bar = 2 cm for all the humeri except Megalonyx (10 cm).
Figure 2 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 2. Note written by the French palaeontologist R. Hoffstetter explaining the conditions and the locality from which the remains of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. MNHN CPN 9–1 were discovered in 1975.
Figure 7 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 7. Photographs of the vertebrae of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, atlas in anterior view (dorsal towards the top). B, dorsal vertebra in anterior view. C, D, body of a lumbar vertebra in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. aaf, anterior articular facet; af, atlantal foramen; an, anapophysis; aw, atlas wing; azf, anterior zygapophyseal facet; bo, body; dfb, dorsal foramen of the body; mp, metapophysis; ns, neural spine; rf; rib facet; riv, passage of the right intrarachidian vein; tp, transverse process; vc, vertebrarterial canal of the atlas; vf, vertebral foramen; vfb; ventral foramen of the body (passage of vertebral veins). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 6 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 6. Drawings and photographs of the right dentary of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. A, B, NRM-PZ M4287 (paratype) in right lateral and occlusal views, respectively. C–H, MNHN CPN 9–1 (referred specimen) in right lateral (C, D), medial (E, F), and occlusal (G, H) views, respectively. anp, angular process; condp, condyloid process; corp, coronoid process; emef, external mental foramina, hrm, horizontal ramus of the mandibula; ifmc, internal foramen of the mandibular canal; imef, internal mental foramina; m1a–m4a, alveoli of the four lower molariform teeth; peomc, posterior external opening of the mandibular canal; spo, spout. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 5 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 5. Drawings and photographs of the auditory regions of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, right auditory region in lateral view with major arteries and nerves (C). D, E, right auditory region in medial view. F, G, stereo photographs of left auditory region in lateroventral (ventral towards the top, anterior towards the right) and dorsomedial (ventral towards the top, anterior towards the left) views, respectively. acect, anterior crus of the ectotympanic; aqc, aqueductus cochleae; aqv, aqueductus vestibuli; caf, carotidian foramen; ent, entotympanic; feo, fenestra ovalis; fer, fenestra rotundum; fn, facial nerve; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; md, mastoid depression; mf, mastoid foramen; pcect, posterior crus of the ectotympanic; pmp, pars mastoidea of the periotic; pr, promontorium (cranial surface of the pars petrosa); sa(inf), inferior ramus of the stapedial artery; sa(post)?, possible posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; sf, stylomastoid foramen; sff, secondary facial foramen; shf, stylohyal fossa. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Figure 1 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Pleistocene Peruvian sites Casa del Diablo cave (near the town of Tirapata) and Piedra Escrita (Cupisnique Desert), from which the specimens of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. were discovered. Scale bar = 100 km.
Distribution. NE & S Venezuela (Orinoco Delta and S of the Orinoco River), the Guianas, N & NC Brazil (along the Amazon River W to Maranhao and S to Para and Mato Grosso states), and into upper Amazon Basin of SW Colombia (N up to Meta and Guainia departments), E Ecuador, and NE & E Peru; its S limit in W Amazonian Brazil is unclear. Additional visual records are described for SE Para State and need to be confirmed. in Megalonychidae
Distribution. NE & S Venezuela (Orinoco Delta and S of the Orinoco River), the Guianas, N & NC Brazil (along the Amazon River W to Maranhao and S to Para and Mato Grosso states), and into upper Amazon Basin of SW Colombia (N up to Meta and Guainia departments), E Ecuador, and NE & E Peru; its S limit in W Amazonian Brazil is unclear. Additional visual records are described for SE Para State and need to be confirmed.
Subspecies and Distribution. C.h.hoffmanniPeters,1858—fromSHondurasSEtoNW&NColombia,WoftheAndes. C.h.agustinusJ.A.Allen,1913—fromNWVenezuelaSthroughCColombiatoNEcuador. C.h.capitalisJ.A.Allen,1913—SWColombiaandWEcuador. C.h.juruanusLLonnberg,1942—SWBrazilianAmazon(AmazonasandAcrestates),SEPeru,andNBolivia. C.h.pallescensLLonnberg,1928—extremeSColombia(PutumayoDepartment),EEcuador,andEPeru.DistributionofHoffmann'sTwo-toedSlothinBrazilisunclear,andfurthersurveysareneeded.TherearetwodoubtfuloutlyingrecordsfromnorthernMatoGrossoState,Brazil.TheselocalitiesarenearorwithindistributionofLinnaeus'sTwo-toedSloth(C.h. didactylus), suggesting possible misidentification. in Megalonychidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C.h.hoffmanniPeters,1858—fromSHondurasSEtoNW&NColombia,WoftheAndes. C.h.agustinusJ.A.Allen,1913—fromNWVenezuelaSthroughCColombiatoNEcuador. C.h.capitalisJ.A.Allen,1913—SWColombiaandWEcuador. C.h.juruanusLLonnberg,1942—SWBrazilianAmazon(AmazonasandAcrestates),SEPeru,andNBolivia. C.h.pallescensLLonnberg,1928—extremeSColombia(PutumayoDepartment),EEcuador,andEPeru.DistributionofHoffmann'sTwo-toedSlothinBrazilisunclear,andfurthersurveysareneeded.TherearetwodoubtfuloutlyingrecordsfromnorthernMatoGrossoState,Brazil.TheselocalitiesarenearorwithindistributionofLinnaeus'sTwo-toedSloth(C.h. didactylus), suggesting possible misidentification.
Figure 1 from: Babcock LE (2024) Nomenclatural history of Megalonyx Jefferson, 1799 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pilosa, Megalonychidae). ZooKeys 1195: 297-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.117999
Figure 1 Megalonyx jeffersonii (Desmarest, 1822), bones of the holotype, left manus (see Daeschler in Thomson 2011a), reproduced from Wistar (1799: pl. 2, with modification), deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ANSP 12507); Quaternary (Pleistocene), probably from Haynes Cave, Monroe County, West Virginia (fideGrady 1997), USA. Wistar's numbers refer to: 1, 5, metacarpals; 2, 3, phalanges; 4, unguals (claw cores). In the articulated digit at top of figure, the second phalanx (middle bone in the figure) is illustrated upside-down. For scale: the longest ungual, upper right, juxtaposed with other bones of the digit, is 17 cm long.
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