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41 results for “Meles”
Data from: Effect of culling on individual badger (Meles meles) behaviour: potential implications for bovine tuberculosis transmission
1. Culling wildlife as a form of disease management can have unexpected and sometimes counterproductive outcomes. In the UK, badgers (Meles meles) are culled in efforts to reduce badger-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). However, culling has previously been associated with both increased and decreased incidence of M. bovis infection in cattle. 2. The adverse effects of culling have been linked to cull-induced changes in badger ranging, but such changes are not well documented at the individual level. Using GPS-collars, we characterised individual badger behaviour within an area subjected to widespread industry-led culling, comparing it with the same area before culling and with three unculled areas. 3. Culling was associated with a 61% increase (95% CI 27-103%) in monthly home range size, a 39% increase (95% CI 28-51%) in nightly maximum distance from the sett, and a 17% increase (95% CI 11-24%) in displacement between successive GPS-collar locations recorded at 20-minute intervals. Despite travelling further, we found a 91.2 minute (95% CI 67.1-115.3 minute) reduction in the nightly activity time of individual badgers associated with culling. These changes became apparent while culls were ongoing and persisted after culling ended. 4. Expanded ranging in culled areas was associated with individual badgers visiting 45% (95% CI 15-80%) more fields each month, suggesting that surviving individuals had the opportunity to contact more cattle. Moreover, surviving badgers showed a 19.9-fold increase (95% CI 10.8-36.4 increase) in the odds of trespassing into neighbouring group territories, increasing opportunities for intergroup contact. 5. Synthesis and Applications: Badger culling was associated with behavioural changes among surviving badgers which potentially increased opportunities for both badger-to-badger and badger-to-cattle transmission of M. bovis. Furthermore, by reducing the time badgers spent active, culling may have reduced badgers' accessibility to shooters, potentially undermining subsequent population control efforts. Our results specifically illustrate the challenges posed by badger behaviour to cull-based TB control strategies and furthermore, they highlight the negative impacts culling can have on integrated disease control strategies.
Fig. 4 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine
Fig. 4. Winter average monthly temperatures in Kharkiv City in 2007–2009 and 2011 (http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru).
Fig. 1 in Eurasian badger Meles meles habitat and sett site selection in the northern Apennines
Fig. 1 - Geographic position of the study area, with Sett Points, Random Points and water (rivers and streams) layer.
FIG. 1. — Stiphodon mele n in Stiphodon mele n. sp., a new species of freshwater goby from Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Teleostei, Gobiidae, Sicydiinae), and comments about amphidromy and regional dispersion
FIG. 1. — Stiphodon mele n. sp., holotype ♂ 27.2 mm SL (MNHN 2008-1920), Efate, Mele waterfall, 22.VII.2002, Vanuatu, Keith and Keith coll. Photo: É. Vigneux.
Figure 7 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 7. Bivariate plots of the multidimensional scaling (MDS) axes (E1 and K1) for three morphological forms of the European badger: 1, 'non–Fennoscandian'; 2, 'south-western Norwegian'; 3, 'main Fennoscandian'; A, males; B, females.
Figure 5 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 5. The ranges of the 'south-western Norwegian' and 'main Fennoscandian' badgers, based on posterior classification probabilities: 0–0.3, 'main Fennoscandian' badgers; 0.3–0.6, classification unclear (6.2%); 0.6–1.0, 'south-western Norwegian' badgers.
Figure 3 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 3. Bivariate plots of the most important multidimensional scaling (MDS) axes (E1 and K1) for two morphological clusters of the European badger: 1, 'non-Fennoscandian'; 2, 'Fennoscandian'. A, males. B, females.
Figure 2 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 2. Measurements taken of the badger skulls: 1, condylobasal length; 2, neurocranium length; 3, viscerocranium length; 4, minimum palatal width; 5, palatal length; 6, maxillary tooth-row length; 7, length of upper carnassial tooth Pm4; 8, greatest length between oral border of the auditory bulla and aboral border of the occipital condyle; 9, length of the auditory bulla; 10, zygomatic width; 11, mastoid width of skull; 12, postorbital width; 13, interorbital width; 14, width of rostrum; 15, greatest palatal width; 16, width of the auditory bulla; 17, width of upper molar M1; 18, cranial height; 19, total length of the mandible; 20, length between the angular process and the infradentale; 21, mandibular tooth-row length; 22, length of lower carnassial tooth M1; 23, height of the vertical mandibular ramus; 24, length of upper molar M1; 25, length of upper canine; 26, width of upper canine; 27, length of lower molar M; 28, width of lower molar M; 29, 2 2 talonid length of lower carnassial tooth M1; 30, length of lower premolar Pm2.
Figure 1 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 1. Range of the European badger (Meles meles) (1), and localities of the specimens included in this study (2).
Data from: Effect of culling on individual badger Meles meles behaviour: potential implications for bovine tuberculosis transmission
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Fig. 2 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine
Fig. 2. Examples of determination the family home range boundaries in 1) foxes and 2) badgers.
Fig. 5 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine
Fig. 5. Fox family home ranges in May–June in 2007-2009 and 2011 in Gomilshanski Lisy NNP.
European badger (Meles meles) responses to low-intensity, selective culling: using mark recapture and relatedness data to assess social perturbation
<p>Culling the main wildlife host of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain (GB) and Ireland, the European badger (Meles meles) to reduce infections in cattle, has been employed in both territories. In GB, this has been controversial, with results suggesting that culling induces disturbance to badger social structure, facilitating wider disease dissemination. Previous analyses hypothesized that even very low-level, selective culling may cause similar deleterious effects by increasing ranging of individuals and greater mixing between social-groups. To assess this hypothesis, a novel, prospective, landscape-scale 'before-and-after' Test and vaccinate or remove (TVR) study was implemented. Test-positive badgers were culled and test-negative badgers were BCG vaccinated and released. Mark-recapture metrics of badger ranging and genetic metrics of social group relatedness did not change significantly over the study period. However, selective culling was associated with a localised reduction in social-group relatedness in culled groups. Synthesis and application: Ecological context is important; extrapolation across territories and other disease epidemiological-systems (epi-systems) is likely to be challenging. However, we demonstrate that small-scale, selective removal of test-positive badgers was not associated with metrics of increased ranging but was associated with localised changes in social-group relatedness. This adds to the evidence base on badger control options for policy makers.</p>
European badger (Meles meles) responses to low-intensity, selective culling: using mark recapture and relatedness data to assess social perturbation
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Data from: Reproductive biology including evidence for superfetation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
The reproductive biology of the European badger (Meles meles) is of wide interest because it is one of the few mammal species that show delayed implantation and one of only five which are suggested to show superfetation as a reproductive strategy. This study aimed to describe the reproductive biology of female Irish badgers with a view to increasing our understanding of the process of delayed implantation and superfetation. We carried out a detailed histological examination of the reproductive tract of 264 female badgers taken from sites across 20 of the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland. The key results show evidence of multiple blastocysts at different stages of development present simultaneously in the same female, supporting the view that superfetation is relatively common in this population of badgers. In addition we present strong evidence that the breeding rate in Irish badgers is limited by failure to conceive, rather than failure at any other stages of the breeding cycle. We show few effects of age on breeding success, suggesting no breeding suppression by adult females in this population. The study sheds new light on this unusual breeding strategy of delayed implantation and superfetation, and highlights a number of significant differences between the reproductive biology of female Irish badgers and those of Great Britain and Swedish populations.
FIGURE 3 in The taxonomic status of badgers (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Southwest Asia based on cranial morphometrics, with the redescription of Meles canescens
FIGURE 3. Male skulls of three taxa of the Eurasian badgers: A. Meles meles taxus (ZIN 35056, Leningrad Province, Russia), B. Meles leucurus leucurus (ZIN 1148, Eastern Kazakhstan), C. Meles canescens (ZIN 23800, Azerbaijan). Scale bar 5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in The taxonomic status of badgers (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Southwest Asia based on cranial morphometrics, with the redescription of Meles canescens
FIGURE 4. Distribution ranges of the SW Asian badger (Meles canescens), Asian badger (Meles leucurus, a part of its range), and European badger (Meles meles, a part of its range). Locations of the specimens used in this study are shown (for M. canescens see Appendix).
FIGURE 2. A in The taxonomic status of badgers (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Southwest Asia based on cranial morphometrics, with the redescription of Meles canescens
FIGURE 2. A—Grouped morphometric separation (canonical discriminant analysis based on the all MDS axes) of the studied badger specimens. B—Additive tree based on the group medians of MDS axes.
On following pages: 3. Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaris); 4. Japanese Badger (Meles anakuma); 5. Asian Badger (Meles leucurus): 6. European Badger (Meles meles). in Mustelidae
On following pages: 3. Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaris); 4. Japanese Badger (Meles anakuma); 5. Asian Badger (Meles leucurus): 6. European Badger (Meles meles).
Data from: Seasonal variation in daily patterns of social contacts in the European badger Meles meles
Social interactions among hosts influence the persistence and spread of infectious pathogens. Daily and seasonal variation in the frequency and type of social interactions will play an important role in disease epidemiology and, alongside other factors, may have an influence on wider disease dynamics by causing seasonal forcing of infection, especially if the seasonal variation experienced by a population is considerable. We explored temporal variation in within-group contacts in a high-density population of European badgers Meles meles naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis). Summer contacts were more likely and of longer duration during the daytime, while the frequency and duration of winter contacts did not differ between day and night. In spring and autumn, within-group contacts peaked at dawn and dusk, corresponding with when they were of shortest duration with reduced potential for aerosol transmission of pathogens. Summer and winter could be critical for transmission of M. bovis in badgers, due to the high frequency and duration of contacts during resting periods, and we discuss the links between this result and empirical disease data. This study reveals clear seasonality in daily patterns of contact frequency and duration in species living in stable social groups, suggesting that changes in social contacts could drive seasonal forcing of infection in wildlife populations even when the number of individuals interacting remains similar.
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