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Figure 12 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 12. Palatine bone of Messelophis ermannorum (SMF ME 11426) coated with ammonium chloride (A), and three-dimensional reconstruction of the palatomaxillary bar components of the boid Chilabothrus striatus based on HRXCT data (B). Scale bars: 2 mm. Abbreviations: anp, anterior (dentigerous) process; chp, choanal process; mfp, medial foot process; mx, maxilla; mxp, maxillary process; pap, palatine process; pt, pterygoid.

Figure 18 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 18. Caudal anatomy of Messel minute boas: A, lateral view of a string of eight postcloacal (probably medial) vertebrae of the holotype specimen of Messelophis variatus (SMF ME 1828 a+b); B, ventrolateral view of postcloacal vertebrae of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915), coated with ammonium chloride. Arrows indicate the position of ventral protuberances. Not to scale. Abbreviations: ha, haemapophysis, pla, pleuroapophysis.

Figure 11 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 11. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the palatomaxillary bar components of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data. Scale bar equals 2 mm. Abbreviations: a, articular surface for the ectopterygoid; af, anterior medial foramen; cb, compound bone; fr, frontal; laf, labial foramen; lp, anterolateral prong; mp; anteromedial prong; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pot, prootic; pap, palatine process; qr, quadrate ramus; saf, foramen for the superior alveolar nerve; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital.

Figure 9 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 9. Three-dimensional reconstruction of rostral region of paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum based on HRXCT data: dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of premaxilla; dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view of nasals; dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views of right septomaxilla. Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: a, articular area of the nasal with frontal; ap, ascending process of the premaxilla; ca, contact area with prefrontal; cm, contact margin of the nasal with prefrontal; fr, frontal; hl, dorsal (horizontal) lamina of nasal; jc, anterior wall of the cavity housing Jacobson's organ; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; pdp, posterior dorsal process of septomaxilla; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; smx, septomaxilla; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vf, medial (vertical) flange of nasal; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla.

Figure 7 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 7. Lower jaw morphology of Messelophis variatus: A, lateral view of the right dentary of the holotype specimen SMF ME 1828 a+b; B, medial view of the right lower jaw in the embedded side of the specimen SMF ME 1828 a+b; C, lateral view of the right compound bone of specimen SMF ME 958 b. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: an, angular, cb, compound bone; co, coronoid; d, dentary; mf, mental foramen; sc, surangular crest; sf, anterior surangular foramen; sp, splenial; sup, surangular process.

Figure 17 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 17. Maximum-parsimony cladograms of snake relationships depicting the placement of Messel minute boas: A, strict consensus of the eight trees obtained (tree length, L = 456) based on osteological characters; B, most parsimonious tree (L = 6332) based on the combined analysis of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data partitions. Bootstrap (above) and Bremer support (below) values for each node are indicated. Note the position of Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (in blue) nested into the boid clade in both cladograms.

Figure 4 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of left prefrontal (A), right postorbital (B), and right ectopterygoid of Messelophis variatus (AMNH FARB 30650). D, dorsolateral view of left preorbital region of Boa constrictor based on HRXCT data. E, dorsal view of right postorbital region of Ungaliophis continentalis based on HRXCT data. F, dorsal view of the right palatomaxillary arch of Ungaliophis continentalis (three-dimensional cutaway view based on HRXCT data). For Messelophis panels, scale bars equal 1 mm, the others are not to scale. Abbreviations: ec, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; la, dorsal lappet; ld, lacrimal duct; lf, lateral foot process; ll, lateral lamina of prefrontal; ll-dl, undifferentiated lateral and dorsal lamina of prefrontal; lp, anterolateral prong; mfp, medial foot process; mp, anteromedial prong; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; ol, outer orbital lobe; p, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pl, palatine; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid.

Figure 5 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 5. Dorsal view of skull roof of Messelophis variatus (AMNH FARB 30650). Scale bar equals 2 mm. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; p, parietal; po, postorbital; pot, prootic; pop, postorbital process; sg, sagittal crest; sgp; sagittal process; sop, supraorbital process.

Figure 3 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 3. Dorsolateral view of the rostral region of Messelophis variatus (A), Tropidophis haetianus (B), Yurlunggur sp. (C), and Uropeltis woodmasoni (D). Arrows indicate the contact area between the transverse process of the premaxilla and the anterior tip of maxilla. Not drawn to scale. Abbreviations: mx, maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; tp, transverse process of premaxilla.

Figure 6. A in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 6. A, embedded side of the holotype specimen of Messelophis variatus (SMF ME 1828 a+b), with a left lateral view of the skull. Lateral views of the posterior part of the skulls of Tropidophis haetianus (B), Lichanura trivirgata (C), and Exiliboa placata (D). Abbreviations: b, bubble; cb, compound bone; frc, foramen for the re-entry of the cid nerve; ls, laterosphenoid; ot, otooccipital; p, parietal; pot, prootic; q, quadrate; s, stapes; st, supratemporal; V2, anterior trigeminal foramen; V3, posterior trigeminal foramen; VII, foramen for the passage of the facial nerve.

Figure 14 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 14. Three-dimensional reconstruction of braincase elements of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data in dorsal view (A, C) and endocranial view (B); dorsal view of braincase of the boine Chilabothrus striatus (D) and Ungaliophis continentalis (E), based on HRXCT data; F, three-dimensional cutaway view along the frontal axis of the braincase of Ungaliophis continentalis, based on HRXCT data. Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: at, atlantal crest; ds, depression that receives the supratemporal bone; nc, nuchal crest; ot, otooccipital; p, parietal; pa, paroccipital process; pot, prootic; q, quadrate; sg, sagittal crest of the supraoccipital; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal.

Figure 19 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 19. Comparisons between cranial elements of Platyspondylia lepta and Messelophis ermannorum. Lateral (A) and medial (B) views of right compound bone of P. lepta (MNHN PFR 6357); lateral (C) and medial (D) views of threedimensional reconstruction of the lower jaw of the paratype specimen of M. ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915), based on HRXCT data; posterior view of left quadrate of P. lepta (MNHN PDS 3118) (E) and M. ermannorum (F). Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: cp, coronoid prominence, pc, prearticular crest, sc, surangular crest, sh, stylohyal.

Figure 16 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 16. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower jaw of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD- Me 7915), based on HRXCT data. Lateral (A) and medial (B) view of left dentary; lateral (C) and medial (D) view of left compound bone; medial view of left coronoid, angular, and splenial bones (E). F, three-dimensional reconstruction based on HRXCT data of lateral and medial view of the lower jaw of Eryx colubrinus. Scale bars: 2 mm. Abbreviations: amf, anterior mylohyoid foramen; an, angular; cb, compound bone; co, coronoid; cp, coronoid prominence; d, dentary; mf, mental foramen; mg, Meckelian groove; pc, prearticular crest; pmf, posterior mylohyoid foramen; q, quadrate; sc, surangular crest; sf, anterior surangular foramen; sp, splenial; sup, surangular process.

Figure 13 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 13. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull roof elements of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data. Scale bar: 3 mm. Abbreviations: ds, depression that receives the supratemporal bone; ec, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; mpp, medial parietal pillar; mx, maxilla; fp, medial frontal pillar; n, nasal; p, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; po, postorbital; pot, prootic; pop, postorbital process; pt, pterygoid; sg, sagittal crest; sgp; sagittal process; so, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process; stp, supratemporal process; tb, parietal table.

Figure 15 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 15. Three-dimensional reconstruction of quadrate and supratemporal of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915), based on HRXCT data. Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; cb, compound bone; cc, cephalic condyle; l, supratemporal lip that receives the quadrate; ot, otooccipital; p, parietal; pot, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sh, stylohyal; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal.

Figure 10 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 10. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the circumorbital bones of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data: A, right prefrontal in dorsal view; B, left prefrontal in lateral view, C, right postorbital in dorsolateral view. Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lamina of prefrontal; ec, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; ld, lacrimal duct; lf, lateral foot process; ll, lateral lamina of prefrontal; mfp, medial foot process; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nn, nasal notch; ol, outer orbital lobe; smx, septomaxilla.

Figure 2 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 2. Lateral right view of the snout of Messelophis variatus (SMF ME 1828 a+b). Scale bar: 1 mm. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of the premaxilla; mx, right maxilla; n, right nasal; np, nasal process of premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; smx, lateral vertical flange of septomaxilla; tp, transverse process of premaxilla.

Figure 1 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 1. Most complete and informative preserved skulls of Messelophis variatus from the Middle Eocene Messel Formation, Germany: A, holotype specimen SMF ME 1828 a+b, in right lateral view; B, ventral view of the skull of paratype specimen SMF ME 2379, partially covered by mid-trunk vertebrae; C, dorsal view of the skull of a new undescribed specimen AMNH FARB 30650. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 8 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 8. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD- Me 7915) based on HRXCT data in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left dorsolateral (C), and right dorsolateral (D) views. Scale bar: 5 mm.