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Quantitative trait loci mapping in cichlid fishes: Aulonocara koningsi x Metriaclima mbenjii and Labidochromis caeruleus x Labeotropheus trewavasae
<p>Since the time of Darwin, biologists have sought to understand the evolution and origins of phenotypic variation. To understand the genetic and molecular sources of morphological differences, we capitalize on the cichlid fish system. Cichlids of the East African Rift Lakes have undergone an extensive adaptive radiation, including variation in body shape, head shape, and pigmentation. These morphological differences are often intimately linked to the ecology and behavior of these animals. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of these phenotypes using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using four genera of Lake Malawi cichlids and two F<sub>2</sub> hybrid populations. The first hybrid cross is between <em>Aulonocara koningsi</em>, which lives in the open sandy region and feeds insects from the open sand, and <em>Metriaclima mbenjii</em>, an omnivore rock-dwelling fish. The second cross is between <em>Labidochromis caeruleus</em>, a suction-feeding insectivore that swims continuously searching for prey, and <em>Labeotropheus trewavasae</em>, which feeds by biting or scraping attached algae from the rocks in its benthic habitat. Such work can provide insights into the molecular basis of phenotypic adaptation, the genetic architecture of morphology, and the evolution of cichlid fishes.</p>
Quantitative trait loci mapping in cichlid fishes: Aulonocara koningsi x Metriaclima mbenjii and Labidochromis caeruleus x Labeotropheus trewavasae
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FIGURE 8. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 8. A. Metriaclima nkhunguensis, holotype, PSU 4603, 72.8 mm SL; Mozambique: Lake MalaŴi: Nkhungu Reef. B. M. nkhunguensis, male in habitat at Nkhungu Reef, Mozambique; approx. 60 mm SL; not preserved. C. M. nkhunguensis, female in habitat at Nkhungu Reef, Mozambique; not preserved.
FIGURE 6 in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 6. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the sheared second principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima aurora (●, Likoma Island; x, Mara Point; ․, Mbweca; +, Tumbi Point; Ο, N'kolongwe), M. xanthos (˔), and M. glaucos (□).
FIGURE 9. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 9. A. Metriaclima mossambicus, holotype, PSU 4497, 79.7 mm SL; Mozambique: Lake MalaŴi: Chiloelo. B. M. mossambicus, male in habitat at Chiloelo, Mozambique; approx. 75 mm SL; not preserved. C. M. mossambicus, female in habitat at Chiloelo, Mozambique; approx. 50 mm SL; not preserved. D. M. mossambicus, male in habitat at Chinuni, Mozambique; approx. 75 mm SL; not preserved. E. M. mossambicus, male in habitat at Lumessi, Mozambique; approx. 80 mm SL; not preserved.
FIGURE 5. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 5. A. Metriaclima xanthos, holotype, PSU 4494, 44.3 mm SL; Mozambique: Lake MalaŴi: Lumbaulo. B. M. xanthos, male in habitat at Lumbaulo, Mozambique; approx. 70 mm SL; not preserved. C. M. xanthos, female in habitat at Lumbaulo, Mozambique; approx. 50 mm SL; not preserved.
FIGURE 7. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 7. A. Metriaclima sciasma, holotype, PSU 4490, 63.8 mm SL; Tanzania: Lake MalaŴi: Magunga. B. M. sciasma, male in habitat at Magunga, Tanzania; approx. 60 mm SL; not preserved. C. M. sciasma, female in habitat at Magunga, Tanzania; approx. 50 mm SL; not preserved.
FIGURE 3 in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 3. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the sheared second principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima chrysomallos from Nametumbwe (●) and M. aurora from N'kolongwe (x).
FIGURE 4. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 4. A. Metriaclima glaucos, holotype, PSU 4487, 69.2 mm SL; Mozambique: Lake MalaŴi: Cobwé. B. M. glaucos, male in habitat at Cobwé, Mozambique; approx. 65 mm SL; not preserved. C. M. glaucos, female in habitat at Cobwé, Mozambique; approx. 55 mm SL; not preserved.
FIGURE 2. A in Descriptions of five new species in the genus Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 2. A. Metriaclima aurora, male in habitat at Likoma Island, MalaŴi; approx. 80 mm SL; not preserved; B. M. aurora, female in habitat at Likoma Island, MalaŴi; approx. 70 mm SL; not preserved; C. M. chrysomallos, male in habitat at Nametumbwe, MalaŴi; approx. 80 mm SL; not preserved; D. M. chrysomallos, male in habitat at Gome, MalaŴi; approx. 80 mm SL; not preserved.
FIGURE 14 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 14. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima nigrodorsalis from Charlie's Bay (n=20), from Chiloelo (n=8), from N'kolongwe (n=20), from Nkhungu Point (n=20), and from Thundu (n=20) and Metriaclima phaeos from Cobwé (n=6); all localities in Mozambique.
FIGURE 13 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 13. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima tarakiki from Higga Reef, Tanzania (n=11) and from Ngkuyo Island (n=20), and of Metriaclima zebra from Thumbi Point, Tanzania (n=20), from Chiwindi, Mozambique (n=20), and the holotype.
FIGURE 15 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 15. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima nigrodorsalis from Charlie's Bay (n=20) and from Chiloelo (n=8) in Mozambique, and Metriaclima flavifemina from Maleri Island in Malawi (n=20).
FIGURE 12 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 12. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima midomo from Lundo Island, Tanzania (n=19) and of Metriaclima zebra from five localities in Tanzania (Matema (n=20), Makonde (n=20), Manda (n=20), Pombo Rocks (n=20), and Thumbi Point (n=20)) and the holotype.
FIGURE 11 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 11. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima lundoense from Lundo Island, Tanzania (n=20), Metriaclima flavifemina from Maleri Island, Malawi (n=20), and Metriaclima phaeos from Cobwé, Mozambique (n=6).
FIGURE 10 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 10. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima zebra "Lumessi" from Lumessi, Mozambique (n=20) and of Metriaclima zebra with a classic color pattern from Gome, Malawi (n=20), Tumbi Point (n=20), N'kolongwe (n=20) and Nkhungu Point (n=20) in Mozambique, and from Manda (n=20) and Thumbi Point (n=20) in Tanzania.
FIGURE 9 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 9. Plot of the first principal component of the meristic data (PC1) and the second sheared principal component of the morphometric data (PC2) of Metriaclima zebra "Blue Blaze" from Makonde (n=20) and from Manda (n=20), and of Metriaclima zebra with a classic color pattern from Pombo Rocks (n=20), Thumbi Point (n=20), and Matema (n=20); all localities in Tanzania.
FIGURE 7. Metriaclima tarakiki. A. Holotype, PSU 4914 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 7. Metriaclima tarakiki. A. Holotype, PSU 4914, adult male, 115.2 mm SL, Tanzania: Higga Reef; B. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 110 mm SL) at Higga Reef, Tanzania; C. Female (approx. 90 mm SL) at Higga Reef, Tanzania.
FIGURE 6. Metriaclima midomo. A. Holotype, PSU 4912 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 6. Metriaclima midomo. A. Holotype, PSU 4912, adult male, 69.5 mm SL, Tanzania: Lundo Island; B. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 80 mm SL) at Lundo Island, Tanzania; C. Female (approx. 70 mm SL) at Lundo Island, Tanzania.
FIGURE 8. Metriaclima nigrodorsalis. A. Holotype, PSU 4904 in Descriptions of five new species of Metriaclima (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa
FIGURE 8. Metriaclima nigrodorsalis. A. Holotype, PSU 4904, adult male, 75.8 mm SL, Mozambique: N'kolongwe; B. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 75 mm SL) at N'kolongwe, Mozambique; C. Female (approx. 70 mm SL) at N'kolongwe; D. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 75 mm SL) at Chiloelo, Mozambique; E. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 80 mm SL) at Nkhungu Point, Mozambique.
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