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13 results for “Microrefugia”
Data for: Bridging the gap between microclimate and microrefugia: A bottom‐up approach reveals strong climatic and biological offsets
<p>In the context of global warming, a clear understanding of microrefugia, microsites enabling the survival of species populations outside their main range limits, is crucial. Several studies have identified forcing factors that are thought to favor the existence of microrefugia. However, there is a lack of evidence to conclude whether, and to what extent, the climate encountered within existing microrefugia differs from the near surrounding climate. So, we adopt a "bottom-up" approach, linking marginal disconnected populations to microclimate.</p> <p>We used the southernmost disconnected and abyssal populations of the circumboreal herbaceous plant <em>Oxalis acetosella</em> in Southern France to study whether populations matching the definition of "microrefugia" occur in particularly favorable climatic conditions compared to neighboring control plots distant about 50 m to 100 m. Temperatures were recorded in putative microrefugia and in neighboring plots for approximately 2 years to quantify their thermal offsets. Vascular plant inventories were carried out to test whether plant communities also reflect microclimatic offsets.</p> <p>We found that current microclimatic dynamics are genuinely at stake in microrefugia. Microrefugia climates are systematically colder compared to those found within 50 m to 100 m distant. This pattern was more noticeable during the summer months. Abyssal populations showed stronger offsets compared to neighboring plots than the putative microrefugia occurring at higher altitudes. Plant communities demonstrate this strong spatial climatic variability, even at such a microscale approach, as species compositions systematically differed between the two plots, with species more adapted to colder and moister conditions in microrefugia compared to the surrounding area.</p>
Data for: Bridging the gap between microclimate and microrefugia: A bottom‐up approach reveals strong climatic and biological offsets
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Persisting in a glaciated landscape: Pleistocene microrefugia evidenced by the tree wētā Hemideina maori in central South Island, New Zealand
<p><span><span><b>Aim:</b> Repeated cycles of Pleistocene glaciation have influenced phylogeographic structure of taxa on New Zealand's South Island. Many taxa became restricted to refugia at either end of the island during glaciation, resulting in an area of low endemicity in central South Island. This area of low endemism is typified by the so-called beech (or biotic) gap, where the absence of <i>Nothofagus </i>forest (and many other plant and invertebrate taxa) has been attributed to repeated glaciation. Some taxa, however, appear to have persisted <i>in situ</i> in localized refugia within the biotic gap. We test these alternative hypotheses in a large flightless alpine wētā (grasshopper).</span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Location:</b> Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand</span></span></p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> <i>Hemideina maori</i> <span>Pictet & Saussure, 1891 </span>(Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)</p> <p><span><span><b>Methods:</b> We used phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome<i> c </i>oxidase I (<i>cox1</i>) and twenty-five nuclear DNA (nuDNA) markers to test for Pleistocene glacial microrefugia within the current montane South Island range of <i>Hemideina maori.</i></span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Results:</b> We identified eight deeply differentiated mtDNA lineages with limited sharing of haplotypes among populations. Genetic differentiation assessed using nuDNA revealed a similar pattern, with three groups broadly corresponding to the deepest mtDNA splits. The central South Island region exhibits substantial endemic mtDNA diversity and a distinctive nuclear lineage.</span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>These results indicate that <i>H. maori </i>likely<i> </i>persisted in microrefugia<i> </i>within the biotic gap during glaciation. These deep lineages are estimated to have started diverging prior to the initiation of glaciation, up to 3 Ma. These results add to a growing number of Southern Hemisphere examples of deep phyleogeographic differentiation in glaciated regions compared to Europe and North America, probably reflecting less intense glaciation. We suggest that other Southern Alps species showing northern and southern clades alone, are more montane than alpine, and were reliant on warmer habitat to the north and south during glacial eras. Thus, there are species-specific responses to climatic processes, influenced by distinctive habitat requirements and physiological traits.</span></span></p>
Data from: Forest fragmentation alters winter microclimates and microrefugia in human-modified landscapes
With over half of earth's terrestrial biota living beneath forest canopies, our ability to accurately capture organism-climate relationships in forested ecosystems is imperative for predicting species' vulnerability to future climate change. Assessing the vulnerability of forest dependent species, however, hinges on quantifying microclimates that exist below the forest canopy and might be influenced by varying levels of disturbance in human-modified landscapes. The goal of our study was to examine the multi-scaled predictors of subcanopy microclimate variability across a heterogeneous landscape in Midwestern USA during winter, and to further evaluate whether a widely available interpolated climate model accurately captures this variability. By deploying a network of temperature sensors along a fragmentation gradient, we found that forests in more fragmented landscapes experienced colder minimum and average daily temperatures throughout the winter than forests in less fragmented landscapes. We found that greater tree densities and higher elevations led to warmer microclimates while increasing distances from urban centers led to colder microclimates. The negative effect of forest edge on minimum temperatures was lessened by the effect of increasing basal area, highlighting the importance of local- and landscape-scale features on microclimate heterogeneity. Temperature discrepancies between subcanopy microclimates and climate interpolations were influenced by many of the same features, and could be of a similar magnitude as those predicted by future climate change scenarios. Using a biological threshold based on metabolic and demographic constraints for winter birds, we found that the variability in microclimates along our forest fragmentation gradient (50 km) was comparable to the magnitude captured by weather stations across a latitudinal gradient spanning more than 650 km. Our results suggest that biophysical properties of landscapes can alter spatial gradients of microclimates and should be considered when assessing species' vulnerabilities to future climate change.
Data from: Interglacial microrefugia and diversification of a cactus species complex: phylogeography and palaeodistributional reconstructions for Pilosocereus aurisetus and allies
The role of Pleistocene climate changes in promoting evolutionary diversification in global biota is well documented, but the great majority of data regarding this subject come from North America and Europe, which were greatly affected by glaciation. The effects of Pleistocene changes on cold- and/or dry-adapted species in tropical areas where glaciers were not present remain sparsely investigated. Many such species are restricted to small areas surrounded by unfavourable habitats, which may represent potential interglacial microrefugia. Here, we analysed the phylogeographic structure and diversification history of seven cactus species in the Pilosocereus aurisetus complex that are restricted to rocky areas with high diversity and endemism within the Neotropical savannas of eastern South America. We combined palaeodistributional estimates with standard phylogeographic approaches based on two chloroplast DNA regions (trnT-trnL and trnS-trnG), exon 1 of the nuclear gene PhyC and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Our analyses revealed a phylogeographic history marked by multiple levels of distributional fragmentation, isolation leading to allopatric differentiation and secondary contact among divergent lineages within the complex. Diversification and demographic events appear to have been affected by the Quaternary climatic cycles as a result of isolation in multiple patches of xerophytic vegetation. These small patches presently harbouring P. aurisetus populations seem to operate as microrefugia, both at present and during Pleistocene interglacial periods; the role of such microrefugia should be explored and analysed in greater detail.
From glacial refugia to hydrological microrefugia: factors and processes driving the persistence of the climate relict tree Zelkova sicula
<p>With only two tiny populations, the climate relict <i>Zelkova sicula</i> (Sicily, Italy) is one of the rarest trees in the world. It also represents the most marginal member of genus <i>Zelkova</i> that was widespread in the broadleaved forests thriving in warm-temperate climates throughout Eurasia until the Last Glacial Age. Occurring at the westernmost range of the genus under typical Mediterranean climate, the micro-topographic settings have always appeared crucial for the survival of this Sicilian relict. However, the factors and processes actually involved in its persistence in the current refugia, as well as the response of similar relict trees in arid environments are poorly understood worldwide. In the aim to elucidate these aspects, in the two sites hosting <i>Z. sicula</i> analyses of topographical attributes were combined with investigations on soil moisture dynamics. Additionally, plants' growth and spatial distribution patterns were analysed to detect fine-scale differences between populations and assess the possible ecological amplitude of the species.</p> <p>Results revealed that convergent topographies are basic determinants of microrefugia in arid environments. Within the investigated sites, underground moisture never decreases below 25%, buffering seasonal rainfall fluctuations. Therefore, hydrological microrefugia play a key-role in decoupling from regional climate, supporting the target species in coping with an unsuitable climatic envelope. Additionally, the inter-population variability of biometric attributes showed that individual growth is site-dependent and the species retains a relative ecological plasticity, whereas the strongly clumped spatial patterns confirmed the exclusive vegetative propagation and the common clonal growth. On one hand, deeply incised landforms have acted as effective hydrologic microrefugia, on the other clonality coupled with triploidy supposedly improved the resistance of <i>Z. sicula</i> to harsh environments, though entailing inability to reproduce sexually. Most likely, sterility and environmental/physical barriers prevent since millennia this relict from leaving the last suitable microrefugia, resulting in the two current rear-edge populations.</p>
Data from: Interglacial microrefugia and diversification of a cactus species complex: phylogeography and palaeodistributional reconstructions for Pilosocereus aurisetus and allies
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Persisting in a glaciated landscape: Pleistocene microrefugia evidenced by the tree wētā Hemideina maori in central South Island, New Zealand
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Data from: Caves as microrefugia: Pleistocene phylogeography of the troglophilic North American scorpion Pseudouroctonus reddelli
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Data from: Fine-grain, large-domain climate models based on climate station and comprehensive topographic information improve microrefugia detection
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Data from: The distribution of cool spots as microrefugia in a mountainous area
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From glacial refugia to hydrological microrefugia: factors and processes driving the persistence of the climate relict tree Zelkova sicula
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Data from: Forest fragmentation alters winter microclimates and microrefugia in human-modified landscapes
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