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Figure 8. A in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 8. A, drawing of cervical vertebrae 5–8 and presacral vertebrae 26 and 27 as example for the vertebral structures in specimen FMNH PR2251. B, drawing of neural arches 9–12 of specimen FMNH PR2251. Anterior is to the right. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Figure 10 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 10. Drawings of preserved shoulder girdle elements of specimen FMNH PR2251. A, left coracoid. B, right clavicle; the broken bone plate attached to the posterolateral end of the clavicle may represent a remnant of the scapula (Sc?). See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Figure 4 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 4. Drawing of the skull of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. (FMNH PR2251) in lateral view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 3 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 3. Drawing of the skull of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. (FMNH PR2251) in dorsal view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 2 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 2. Right temporal opening of specimen FMNH PR2251 with the arrow indicating the bite marks on the parietal plateau. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 7 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 7. Close-up view of the occipital–cervical complex of specimen FMNH PR2251 in posteroventral view. Vertebrae are observed in ventrolateral view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 11 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 11. Comparison of the lateral views of the postrostral skull regions of Cymbospondylus. A, Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov., based on the holotype FMNH PR2251. B, C. petrinus, based on UCMP 9950. C, C. buchseri, based on PIMUZ 4351, modified after Sander (1989b). B and C are based on left sides of the skulls and have been inverted.

Figure 9 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 9. Drawings of ribs of specimen FMNH PR2251. A, double-headed first cervical rib. B, anterior dorsal rib. C, middle dorsal rib. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 12 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 12. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees reflecting the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. to a selection of mainly Triassic ichthyosaurs. Based on the data matrix of Nicholls & Manabe (2001). After inclusion of C. nichollsi, 15 taxa and 44 characters were considered in the analysis.

Fig. 4 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 4. The phylogenetic tree of Ichthyosauria and the placement of PMO 235.393. Note that Parvipelvia has collapsed as this part of the tree is not the focus of the paper. Consensus tree of 19 MPTs with a length of 544. Consistancy Index = 0.373, Rentention Index = 0.778. Bremer support values displayed above nodes.

Fig. 1 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 1. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Slab A in concretion, photograph (A1), line drawing (A2) showing the outline and identification of the visible bone elements. B. Hypothetical reconstruction of PMO 235.393.

Fig. 2 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 2. The segmented model of right lateral side of the skull of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard.

Fig. 3 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 3. The computed tomography rendered segmentation of rostral elements of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Right dentary and maxilla in lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views, right dentary (A3) in dorsal view, right maxilla in dorsal (A4) and lateral (A5) views. Note that the dorsal extent of the maxilla is not complete. Scale bars 10 mm.

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Figs 3–5 in The latest record of the genus Belmophenopterum (Eoblattida: Mesorthopteridae) from the Middle Triassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figs 3–5. Belmophenopterum rasnitsyni sp. n. (holotype, PIN no. 2555/820, forewing; Kyrgyzstan: Osh Region, Batken District, Madygen Stow, Madygen locality; Middle Triassic, Ladinian-Carnian Stage, Madygen Formation): 3 – photograph; 4 – drawing; 5 – reconstruction.

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Figs 1, 2. Sylviodes perloides Martynov, 1940 in The latest record of the genus Belmophenopterum (Eoblattida: Mesorthopteridae) from the Middle Triassic of Kyrgyzstan

Figs 1, 2. Sylviodes perloides Martynov, 1940 (PIN no. 1700/3991, forewing; Russia: Perm region, Suksun district, left bank of the Sylva River near the village of Tshekarda, Tshekarda locality; Lower Permian, Kungurian Stage, Koshelevka Formation): 1 – photo-

Figure 5 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 5. Comparison of humerus length at birth (Lbirth), asymptotic length (AL), age at which sexual maturity is reached (ASM), and onset of maturation for pachypleurosaurs with a modeled growth record. Onset of maturation within life is estimated as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and asymptotic age (ASM / AA). It is also assessed as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and age at death (ASM / AD). White = Lbirth, black = AL, blue = ASM, red = ASM / AA, and brown = ASM / AD. High within-taxon variability in traits could suggest a sexual dimorphism in size and maturation in pachypleurosaur taxa. For values of life-history traits of specimens refer to Table 2, and for ratios to Table 3.

Figure 4 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 4. Allometric comparison of different life-history traits of pachypleurosaurs and Simosaurus to extant reptiles. (a) Mass at birth vs. body mass, (b) age at which sexual maturity is reached vs. body mass, (c) longevity vs. body mass, and (d) maximum growth rates vs. body mass. In all panels black triangles mark extant reptile species, red symbols pachypleurosaurs, and black crosses the nothosaur genus Simosaurus (values taken from Klein and Griebeler, 2016). Red squares = Dactylosaurus, circles = Anarosaurus, triangles = aff. N. pusillus, triangle with cross = N. pusillus, asterisk = N. edwardsii, and diamond = Serpianosaurus. Ordinary least squares regression lines and 95 % prediction intervals are shown for extant species. Varanus niloticus (grey triangle) is highlighted because it is only somewhat larger than the pachypleurosaurs studied here. Data on body mass, mass at birth (N = 782), age at which sexual maturity is reached (N = 411), and longevity (N = 1014) of extant squamates are compiled from Scharf et al. (2015). Data on body mass and maximum growth rate of reptiles (squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, N = 66) are taken from Werner and Griebeler (2014). Masses at birth of pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) are larger than expected from the 95 % prediction interval for a similar-sized squamate, whereas pachypleurosaurs longevities and maximum growth rates (including that of Simosaurus) almost fit within the respective intervals. The majority of pachypleurosaurs reach sexual maturity earlier than expected for a similar-sized squamate. Overall, pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) have a considerably higher mass at birth and they clearly mature earlier than a similar-sized squamate.

Figure 3 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 3. Growth record and established growth models for pachypleurosaurs. The statistically best growth models are shown for each specimen. These have the highest Akaike weights (Burnham and Anderson, 2002) compared to the others which were also applicable to the growth record of the specific specimen (see Table S1). Specimens are marked by colors. Growth curves on the same specimen are marked by different line types (solid, dotted) in equal color. Parameter values of models and fitting statistics are summarized in Table S1. Neusticosaurus pusillus specimens SMNS 92125 and SMNS 50372c are from the Germanic Basin (aff. N. pusillus), and specimens PIMUZ T 4178 and PIMUZ T 4211 are from the Alpine Triassic.

Figure 2 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 2. Growth record in Dactylosaurus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Muschelkalk, early Anisian), in aff. N. pusillus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Keuper, late Ladinian) and in Neusticosaurus spp. and in Serpianosaurus from the Alpine Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian). (a) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 92125. (b) N. pusillus PIMUZ T 4211. (c) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 50372c. (d) Dactylosaurus MB.R.786. (e) Dactylosaurus MB.R. 776.2. (f) N. edwardsii PIMUZ T4758. (g) Serpianosaurus PIMUZ T 4510. (h) Wijk 09-472. Abbreviations: sc, subcycles; sm, sexual maturity. Panels (a, b, d, e) are in normal light, (c, h) are in polarized light, and (f, g) are in polarized light with gypsum filter (lambda). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.