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FIG. 7 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 7. — Reconstruction of MN911 at the level of branching based on a series of transverse sections. Because only the base of the leaves is well known, their tips are represented in dashed lines. Sections 1-6 correspond to polished surfaces MN911-B1i, MN911-B1s, MN911-B2i, MN911-B2s, MN911-B3i, and MN911- B3s; sections 7 and 8 correspond to slides MN911-A1 and MN911-A2. Artwork by Bernard Terreaux.

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FIG. 2 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 2. — General aspect of the specimens in transverse section at the same scale. The primary xylem is in dark grey, the secondary xylem – when present – is in black. A, MN201(slide MN201-E2); B, same specimen as A at a level of branching (slide MN201-F1); C, largest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 with two leaf bases (slide MN911-A1); D, same axis as in C at another level with one leaf base and the production of two traces from one arm of the stele (slide MN911-A2); E, smallest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 (slide MN911-A2); F, MN864 showing secondary xylem all around the stele (slide MN864-C1); G, KLC3 showing a small amount of secondary xylem (slide KLC3-C); H, KLC4 showing a small amount of secondary xylem like KLC3 but a much smaller cortex (slide KLC4-B2). Scale bar: 2 mm.

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FIG. 1 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 1. — Maps showing the location of the localities in Southern France (A) and Thuringia, Germany (B). Detailed maps modified from Galtier et al. 1988 and Meyer-Berthaud & Rowe 1997.

FIG. 5 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 5. — δ13Cdistribution along the facies profile plotted for dominating taxa (latest Famennian-middle Tournaisian; Kamenka River section org

FIG. 3 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 3. — Distribution of δ13Cvalues among conodonts having different morphological types of P1 elements. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. org

FIG. 2 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 2. — Lithology, biostratigraphy, and facies distribution of the Kamenka River section (Pechora Craton). Legend: 1, limestone; 2, clayey limestone; 3, clay; 4, cherty nodules; 5, flat lamination; 6, wavy lamination.

FIG. 1 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 1. — Localization of the sites under consideration: A, Generalized map of Eastern Europe; rectangles mark the localities: 1, Pechora Craton; 2, Voronezh Anteclise (Kamenka Quarry and Russkiy Brod Quarry sections); 3, Ilmen Lake region (Chudovo section, Syas River section, Ilmen Lake borehole 8, Ilmen Lake section); 4, Chimbulat Quarry. B, Map of Pechora Craton; C, Scheme of outcrops' position in the Kozhva River basin.

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Fig. 1. A in A new Mississippian hexactinellid sponge from the western Gondwana: Taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications

Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area. B. Geological map and location of the studied section. The west flank of the Agua Quemada Syncline is divided in some tectonic blocks (1 and 2) by inverse and dextral strip faults. Sponges come from nodules of equivalent fine-grained dark stratigraphical intervals of the Agua de Lucho Formation (Tournaisian), cropping out under glacigenic diamictitic in both tectonic blocks. C. Stratigraphic column of the Agua de Lucho Formation and the location of the sponge-bearing levels.

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Fig. 2 in A new Mississippian hexactinellid sponge from the western Gondwana: Taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Hexactinellid sponge Minitaspongia parvis gen. et sp. nov. from the Tournaisian Carboniferous, Sierra de las Minitas section, La Rioja Province, Argentina. A. Holotype PULR-I 4, complete obconical specimen, showing the cylindrical acute base. External surface of the holotype showing deep impressions of vertical and horizontal tracts and cross-shaped spicule molds as second order elements in the middle of first order quadrules (A2). B. Paratype PULR-I 5, external impression with original spicules forming the reticulate skeleton (B1); detail showing a well preserved external area of the second order quadrules (B2); detail of the first order quadrules showing preserved hexactine-based spicules aligned (B3); detail of the tract with vertically oriented, main long axis hexactine- based spicules, bundles of two or three long spicule axis occur in the tract (B4); enlarged section of B4 showing nodes of the perpendicular axis of the hexactins (B5); details of the spicules in the tracts, long rayed hexactins, and small second order hexactins with equal-ray dimensions (B6, B7).

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Fig. 3. A in A new Mississippian hexactinellid sponge from the western Gondwana: Taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications

Fig. 3. A. Schematic reconstruction of the complete sponge Minitaspongia parvis gen et. sp. nov. B. The spicule framework of the wall as main parts of the vertical and horizontal bands.

FIG. 7 in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 7. — Consensus of eight most parsimonious trees. Bootstrap values are shown above branches; bootstrap values below 50 are not shown. New taxon Cosmoselachus n. gen. indicated by yellow highlight, holocephalan group and symmoriiform group indicated in differing shades of gray.

FIG. 5. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 5. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., specimen AMNH FF 20509: A, cross section through the posterior half of the specimen, at the point indicated by the inset 3D reconstruction, showing multilayered opercular structure made of cartilaginous branchial rays, fused to one another. Layer of rays from the first branchial arch (behind the hyoid arch) indicated by the second-from-left arrowhead. The right-most arrowhead marks the second row of pharyngeal rays (first branchial arch); another layer (second branchial arch) can be found just beneath it (second arrowhead from the right). Hyoid operculum appears to fold at the arrowhead furthest to the left; B, longitudinal section of posterior half of AMNH FF 20509 showing hyoid operculum (right-most arrowhead) and additional elongate branchial rays (left two arrowheads). Anterior to left, slice location within the specimen indicated by 3D reconstruction in the upper right corner. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 3. — A in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 3. — A, Tooth families of Cosmoselachus n. gen. on the Meckel's cartilages, with denticles between tooth families. Teeth make contact but have no fused bases, dorsal oblique labial view; B, detail of tooth batteries in axial section, anterior to right, showing denticles between each tooth family, on the scalloped Meckel's cartilage. Abbreviations: d, denticles; mc, Meckel's cartilage; t, teeth. Scale bars: A, B, 4 cm; C, 2 mm.

FIG. 2. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 2. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., three-dimensional renderings of specimen AMNH FF 20509, produced by computed tomographic (CT) scanning: A, ventral view of posterior half of specimen, anterior to top; B, ventral view of anterior part of the specimen, anterior to right, with opercular elements removed; C, dorsal view of anterior half of specimen, anterior to right. Note loss of anterior portion of cranium due to taphonomy. Abbreviations: add, depression potentially for adductor musculature; c, cranium; cb, ceratobranchials; ch, ceratohyals; d, denticles; mc, Meckel's cartilage; op, opercular cartilage; pa f, pharyngeal arch fragments; pq, palatoquadrate fragment; t, teeth. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 1. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 1. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., specimen AMNH FF 20509, anterior to right: A, entire specimen, ventral view. Abbreviations: mc, Meckel's cartilage; op, opercular flap; B, detail of opercular flap. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm. Photographs by Lorraine Meeker.

FIG. 6. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 6. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., partial basicranium of specimen AMNH FF 20509: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Anterior to top. Abbreviations: da?, possible opening for the dorsal aorta; occ, occiput; ot cap, otic capsule. Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIGURE 1 in New species and evolution of the foraminiferal family Janischewskinidae in the middle-upper Mississippian of South China

FIGURE 1. Location map of the Bama isolated carbonate platform and the studied Shuidong (SD) and Kacai (KC) sections, Youjiang Basin, South China. A. Palaeogeographic map of South China and location of the Youjiang Basin and the Bama Platform (after Liu and Xu, 1994); green star represents the Gongchuan section previously studied (Liu et al., 2015). B. Geological map of the northern Bama Platform shows locations of the Mississippian sections studied.

FIGURE 11 in New species and evolution of the foraminiferal family Janischewskinidae in the middle-upper Mississippian of South China

FIGURE 11. Typical representatives of the genus Parajanischewskina. A‒B. Parajanischewskina brigantiensis Cózar and Somerville, 2006, A. 3889-181, B. 3889-182, Limestone A8, top Iogla Formation, right bank of the Msta River, Western Moscow Basin (see Savitsky et al., 2015 for stratigraphical details). C‒D. Parajanischewskina brigantiensis, C. HPU-KC75-5, D. HPU-SDB143-16. E‒I. Parajanischewskina nautiliformis sp. nov., E. HPU-KC87-26, F. HPU-KC75-391 (holotype) G. HPU-KC87-487, H. HPU-KCT4-4, I. HPU-KC75-484. (Scale bar equals 1 mm).

FIGURE 6. A in New species and evolution of the foraminiferal family Janischewskinidae in the middle-upper Mississippian of South China

FIGURE 6. A. Typical representatives of the genus Cribrospira recorded in South China. Cribrospira mikhailovi Rauser-Chernousova, 1948c, HPU-SDB140-5. B. Cribrospira mira Rauser-Chernousova, 1948c, HPU-KC10-2. C. Cribrospira panderi Möller, 1878, HPU-SDB137-3. D. Cribrospira baliamadeni Pille, Vachard and Argyriadis in Pille et al., 2010, HPU-KC66-2. E. Cribrospira orbiculata (Ganelina, 1956), HPU-SDB144-9. F. Cribrospira lianxianensis Lin, 1981, HPU-SDB147-528. G‒H. Cribrospira paradenticulata sp. nov., G. HPU-SDB114-2 (holotype), H. HPU-SDB144- 1. (Scale bar equals 1 mm, except for Figure G equals 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 2 in New species and evolution of the foraminiferal family Janischewskinidae in the middle-upper Mississippian of South China

FIGURE 2 (previous page). Distribution of the Janischewskinidae in the Shuidong section. Red arrows correspond to the productive samples in Janischewskinidae, and black arrows to unproductive samples. Abbreviations: M — mudstone, W — wackestone, P — packstone, G — grainstone; m. — middle, low. — lower, Vis. — Viséan, Bashk. — Bashkirian, Stesh. — Steshevian, Protv. — Protvian, Sever. — Severokeltmian, J. — Janischewskina, B. cri. — Bradyina cribrostomata Zone, Edz — Eostaffellina decurta Zone, Ea-Ep — Eostaffellina actuosa-Eostaffellina protvaensis Zone, P. ag — Pseudostaffella antiqua grandis Subzone.