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Fig. 11 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 11 Rates of chatter calls in different magpie populations and individuals. a Each mark represents average chattering rate for a single bird from five populations indicated by colours. Figures are numbers for the outliers: 1, 2—jankowskii from the mixed population of Argun'; 3, 4, 5—hybrid birds from the hybridogeneous population of Kerulen. b Each mark represents average chattering rate for a series of chatterings of one selected individual representing jankowskii, leucoptera, and hybrid birds, respectively. Green mark—pair #6 jankowskii from Vladivostok; gray—pair #43 leucoptera from Tsasuchei, Transbaikalia; blue—pair #24 hybrids from Kerulen, eastern Mongolia. X-axis—number of elements per second in a total series of chattering; Y-axis— number of elements per second in a series of 5 elements of chattering

Fig. 12 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 12 Violin plot diagram of the chatter call speed (elements per second) of Eurasian magpie populations across regions. X-axis presents a set of populations; Y-axis—elements per second. Box outlines the interquantile range (25%, 75%), whiskers represent range without outliers, central bar is the median, red dot is the mean, and figure shape is the probability density. The brackets on the top denote statistically significant pairwise differences (GamesHowell test, p<0.05)

Fig. 9 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 9 Population genetic structure based on unlinked SNP markers. Scatter plots of principal component analysis (PCA) show individual variation in components one and two (a) and three and four (b). The amount of variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses. I—leucoptera,

Fig. 7 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 7 Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) for effective female population sizes for haplogroups, subspecies, and populations of Pica pica. a Comparison of 6 haplogroups, depicted in the network Fig. 4. b Comparison of 6 subspecies. c Comparison of 4 populations of P. p. jankowskii. d Comparison of 3 populations of P. p. leucoptera.

Fig. 6 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 6 Mismatch distribution of nucleotide differences in populations representing different haplogroups as at Figs. 4 and 5. X-axis— number of nucleotide differences; Y-axis—proportion (frequency). Solid lines—expected distributions (under expectation of population growth); dashed lines—observed distributions. a Haplogroup 1:

Fig. 5 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 5 Time-calibrated Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial control region sequences of Pica pica. Numbers at the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability values (left) and bootstrap values of the ML analysis (right, in percent). Triangle widths are proportional to specimen numbers. Blue bars next to nodes indicate 95% credibility intervals for their age estimates. The figures in bold and the time scale below are in million years (Ma) before present

Fig. 4 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic medianjoining network based on 256 mitochondrial control region sequences. Sizes of circles correspond to the number of birds sharing this haplotype; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions and those over 2 are shown at the branches. Haplogroups 1–6 are indicated by numbers

Fig. 2 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 2 Map of sampling localities for mitochondrial DNA analysis in the zone of contact between Pica pica leucoptera and Pica pica jankowskii. Distribution of haplotypes is indicated by colours: Pica

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of males of C. b. arvernus and C. n. dobyi. A—C. b. arvernus distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—C. b. arvernus dorsal process basimere with only one long setae (arrowed); C—C. b. arvernus ventral process basimere with an apical slot

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of males of C. a. catalaniensis. A—Distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—dorsal process basimere with two long setae (arrowed); C—ventral process basimere with an apical slot (arrowed); D—telomere carrying one curved long setae (arrowed)

zenodo36/100

Phylomitogenomics reveals mito-nuclear concordance in social wasps: the performance of mitochondrial markers and gene order for hymenopteran systematics.

<p>Mitochondrial (mtDNA) genes have served as widely utilized genetic loci for animal phylogenetics and phylogeography studies. However, the phylogenetic performance of many mtDNA genes has not been empirically evaluated across lineages within hymenopteran wasps. To address this question, we assembled and analyzed mitogenomic data from social wasps, representing the four recognized tribes of Polistinae and also all Epiponini genera. Additionally, we evaluated whether mtDNA gene order in Polistinae is congruent with its tribal classification. Using concatenation phylogenetic methods, we show phylogenetic congruence between mitogenomic and nuclear data. Statistically comparing the phylogenetic performance of individual mtDNA genes, we demonstrate that for social wasps the molecular markers COI, 16S, NAD5, and NAD2 perform best, while ATP6, COII, and 12S show the worst results. Finally, we verified that the tRNA cluster close to the noncoding region is a hotspot of rearrangement in Vespidae and can be used as additional information for the systematics of this group. Together, these results indicate that mitogenomes contain robust phylogenetic signal to elucidate the evolutionary history of Vespidae. Moreover, our study identifies the best choice of mitochondrial markers for systematic investigations of social wasps.</p>

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Comparative phylogeography of trans-Andean freshwater fishes based on genome-wide nuclear and mitochondrial markers

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publicJan 2019View details →

FIGURE 10 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 10. Austinixa felipensis; male, cw 12.3 mm (ULLZ 5556); from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. A, carapace, chelipeds, and right ambulatory appendages, dorsal; B, carapace frontal region, from anterior; C. third maxilliped, external; D, right chela, internal; E, right cheliped, external; F, left cheliped internal; G, left cheliped external; H, right pereopod 2, dorsal; I, right pereopod 3, dorsal; J, right pereopod 4, dorsal; K, right pereopod 5, dorsal. Scale bars = 2.0 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 12. Austinixa artankeri sp. nov.; A, male, cw 8.9 mm, Panama Caribbean (UF 18950, photograph from A. Anker); B, ovigerous female, cw 6.8 mm, Panama Caribbean (ULLZ 13336); C, female, Panama Caribbean (ULLZ 13334). Austinixa roblesi sp. nov.; D, male, cw 9.2 mm, Belize (ULLZ 12114); E, ovigerous female, cw 7.8 mm, Panama Caribbean (ULLZ 13335); F, ovigerous female, cw 11.1 mm, Belize (ULLZ 12114). Austinixa cuestai sp. nov.; G, male, cw 7.7 mm, Panama Pacific (USNM1552956); H, male, cw 11.1 mm, Panama Pacific (USNM 1552956); I, female, cw 8.5 mm, Panama Pacific (USNM 1552957); J, ovigerous female, cw 10.7 mm, Panama Pacific (USNM 1552958) (photographs from J. Scioli).

FIGURE 8 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 8. Austinixa roblesi sp. nov.; A, B, D–G, male paratype, cw 9.0 mm (USNM 1558340); C, H, I, male holotype, cw 9.9 mm (USNM 1558341); both from Dangriga, Belize. A, carapace, chelipeds, and right ambulatory appendages, dorsal; B, carapace frontal region, from anterior; C. third maxilliped, external; D, right chela, internal, setae not shown; E, right pereopod 4, dorsal; F, right pereopod 5, dorsal; G, male pleon; H, left first gonopod tip, pleonal surface; I left first gonopod tip, sternal surface. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 4. Austinixa artankeri sp. nov.; male holotype, cw 7.6 mm (USNM 1558334), Bocas del Toro, Caribbean coast of Panama. A, carapace and right appendages, dorsal; B, carapace frontal region, from anterior; C, left third maxilliped, external; D, right chela, internal; E, right pereopod 2, dorsal; F, right pereopod 3, dorsal; G, right pereopod 4, dorsal; H, right pereopod 4 setae not shown, dorsal; I, right pereopod 4, ventral; J. right pereopod 5, dorsal. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 7. Austinixa cuestai sp. nov.; A–C, male paratype, cw 8.3 mm (ULLZ 5566); D–F ovigerous female paratype, cw 8.3 mm (ULLZ 5566); both from Nagualapa, Pacific coast of Nicaragua. A, male pleon; B, left first gonopod, sternal surface; C, left first gonopod tip, pleonal surface; D, right cheliped, internal; E, right cheliped, external; F, female pleon. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A, B, D–F), 0.5 mm (C).

FIGURE 11 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 11. Austinixa felipensis; A–C, male, cw 12.3 mm (ULLZ 5556); D–F, female cw 10.6 mm, both from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. A, male pleon; B, right first gonopod, sternal surface; C, right first gonopod tip, pleonal surface; D, left chela, external; E, left chela, internal. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A, B, D–F), 0.5 mm (C).

FIGURE 9 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 9. Austinixa roblesi sp. nov.; A–D, ovigerous female paratype, cw 9.8 mm (USNM 1558340); E, ovigerous female paratype, cw 9.4 mm (ULLZ 12115); F, female paratype, cw 6.6 mm (ULLZ 13143); all from Dangriga, Belize. A, carapace, dorsal; B, enlarged right side of carapace, dorsal; C, carapace frontal region, from anterior; D, right chela, internal; E, left chela, dorsal, F, female pleon. Scale bars = 1.5 mm (A), 1.0 mm (B–F).

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny of the genus Austinixa Heard & Manning, 1997, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with descriptions of three new species and redescription of Austinixa felipensis (Glassell, 1935) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 5. Austinixa artankeri sp. nov.; A, male paratype, cw 7.3 mm (UF 18916); B, male paratype, cw 8.5 mm (ULLZ 13732); C, D, male paratype, cw 6.2 mm (ULLZ 13731); E, ovigerous female paratype, cw 8.5 mm (UF 18928); F, female paratype, cw 8.8 mm (UF 18950); G, ovigerous female paratype, cw 9.0 mm (USNM 1558331); H, ovigerous female paratype, cw 5.8 mm (ULLZ 13644), all from Bocas del Toro, Caribbean coast of Panama. A, right chela, internal, setae not shown; B, male pleon; C, D, left first gonopod, pleonal surface, entire and enlarged tip; E, right chela, internal, setae not shown; left chela, internal, setae not shown. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A, B, E–H), 0.5 mm (C), 0.25 mm (D).