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8 results for “Mixed cropping”
Supplementary material for: "Seeds adapted to mixed cropping increase yield and drought resistance of cereal-legume mixtures"
<p>Supplementary material for the research article: "Seeds adapted to mixed cropping increase yield and drought resistance of cereal-legume mixtures".</p> <ul> <li>Raw data</li> <li>R analysis code</li> <li>Statistical analysis info: ANOVA and Tukey comparisons tables</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>Cropland diversification through mixed cropping has the potential of achieving a more sustainable agriculture while securing food production. This is of special relevance with climate change and the expected drier growing conditions in the future. Seed adaptation to this cropping method is hypothesised to be a fundamental factor to maximise these benefits, as well as the particular species combined. In this study we compared the performance of four cereal-legume mixed crops (wheat and oat mixed with lupin and lentil in pairs) with their respective monocrops. Each crop was sown using seeds adapted to monoculture and mixed cropping, respectively. Moreover, they were grown under early-season and late-season drought treatments and under control conditions. We measured above-ground vegetative biomass, seed yield and harvest index to evaluate crop production, drought resistance and the effect of seed adaptation on each mixed and monocrop. Our results show that mixed cropping either had a beneficial or neutral effect on crop yield, depending on the species combination and drought conditions, but harvest index was generally higher in monocrops. We also confirmed that seed adaptation to a particular type of cropping is clearly a determining factor in its performance. In accordance with the insurance hypothesis, mixed cropping has the effect of protecting crop yields in the case of a sudden bad performance of one of the species, for example, caused by adverse environmental conditions. It is necessary to focus on effective species combinations which have the best responses to mixed cropping. We show for the first time that wheat-lentil mixtures performed poorly, while wheat-lupin showed the most promising results improving yield and drought resistance. Oat mixed crops did not show differences with the respective monocrops, so they can be a viable cropping option as well and benefit from advantages of crop diversity not measured in this study.</p>
Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system
<p>Birds provide ecosystem services (pest control) in many agroecosystems and have neutral or negative ecological effects (disservices) in others. Large-scale, conventional row crop agriculture is extremely widespread globally, yet few studies of bird effects take place in these agroecosystems. We studied indirect effects of insectivorous birds on corn and soybean crops in fields adjacent to a prairie in Illinois (USA). We hypothesized that prairie birds would forage for arthropods in adjacent crop fields and that the magnitude of services or disservices would decrease with distance from the prairie. We used bird-excluding cages over crops to examine the net effect of birds on corn and soybean grain yield. We also conducted DNA metabarcoding to identify arthropod prey in fecal samples from captured birds. Our exclosure experiments revealed that birds provided net services in corn and net disservices in soybeans. Distance from prairie was not a significant predictor of exclosure treatment effect in either crop. Many bird fecal samples contained DNA from both beneficial arthropods and known economically-significant pests of corn, but few economically-significant pests of soybeans. Song Sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>), one of our most captured species, most commonly consumed corn rootworms, an economically-significant pest of corn crops. We estimated that birds in this system provided a service worth approximately US $275/ha in corn yield gain, and a disservice valued at approximately $348/ha in soybean yield loss. Our study is the first to demonstrate that birds can provide substantial and economically valuable services in field corn, and disservices in soybean crops. The contrasting findings in the two crop systems suggest a range of bird impacts within widespread agro-ecosystems and demonstrate the importance of quantifying net trophic effects.</p>
Economic and not ecological variables shape the sparing-sharing trade-off in a mixed cropping landscape
<p>1. The framework of land sparing vs. land sharing provides a useful analytical tool to address the crop-production/biodiversity trade-off. Despite multiple case-studies testing the sparing-sharing trade-off, this framework still lacks the ability to identify the conditions in which sparing, or sharing, would be the preferred strategy for pareto-optimizing both food-production and biodiversity. Under some conditions, ecosystem services may create a positive feedback between biodiversity and crop production, affecting the optimization.</p> <p>2. This study aims to identify the conditions and the relevant variables that determine the preferred land-use strategy in terms of maximizing both biodiversity and food production, while accounting for positive feedback of ecosystem services in this analysis. We used a simulation model with data from a mixed cropping landscape (100 km<sup>2</sup>) covering seven crop types, five taxonomic groups, three biodiversity metrics and 23 bioindicators to explore the variables shaping the biodiversity-production trade-off and ecosystem services underlying it. We explored a continuum of sparing large semi-natural patches to sharing by maintaining uncultivated field margins of varying size.</p> <p>3. Land sparing outperformed land sharing in 62% of the scenarios and it was economically more predictable. The optimization was shaped by costs, associated with crop type, rather than by landscape composition and configuration, biodiversity metric, taxonomic group or bioindicator.</p> <p>4. Landscape configuration and taxonomic group results corroborate the notion that land sharing benefits mainly small organisms, and that the common width of field-margins in many agri-environmental policies (10 m) is not cost-effective compared to land sparing.</p> <p>5. Land sharing was the optimal strategy whenever it resulted in minimal costs, despite contributing little to biodiversity. Yet, when field margins were >20 m wide (small-scale sparing), land sharing maintained higher biodiversity and was at least as cost-effective as sparing.</p> <p>6. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Our model highlights the importance of socio-economic variables compared to ecological variables in selecting land-management strategy to pareto-optimize both food production and biodiversity. Considering opportunity costs alongside economic benefits from ecosystem services in various cropping systems may therefore improve the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation policies in agricultural landscapes.</p>
Data for "Mixed impacts of protected areas and a cash crop boom on human well-being in north-eastern Madagascar"
<p>Dataset (1), codebook (2), explanation of responses (3), and interview protocol (4) for journal article "Mixed impacts of protected areas and a cash crop boom on human well-being in north-eastern Madagascar"<em> People and Nature</em>. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10377</p> <p>Please note the following.</p> <p>The following variables have been removed from the dataset to guarantee respondents’ anonymity:</p> <p> </p> <p>1.a.2 - Place (place of origin if not born in the village)</p> <p>1.d.1b – Function (function in the village if the respondent has one)</p> <p> </p> <p>The following variable have been removed from the dataset given the few responses collected:</p> <p>4.c – Place_in_forest (places in the forest important to the respondent)</p>
Economic and not ecological variables shape the sparing-sharing trade-off in a mixed cropping landscape
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Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system
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Data from: Mixed linear model approach for mapping quantitative trait loci underlying crop seed traits
The crop seed is a complex organ that may be composed of the diploid embryo, the triploid endosperm and the diploid maternal tissues. According to the genetic features of seed characters, two genetic models for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of crop seed traits are proposed, with inclusion of maternal effects, embryo or endosperm effects of QTL, environmental effects and QTL-by-environment (QE) interactions. The mapping population can be generated either from double back-cross of immortalized F2 (IF2) to the two parents, from random-cross of IF2 or from selfing of IF2 population. Candidate marker intervals potentially harboring QTLs are first selected through one-dimensional scanning across the whole genome. The selected candidate marker intervals are then included in the model as cofactors to control background genetic effects on the putative QTL(s). Finally, a QTL full model is constructed and model selection is conducted to eliminate false positive QTLs. The genetic main effects of QTLs, QE interaction effects and the corresponding P-values are computed by Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for Gaussian mixed linear model via Gibbs sampling. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method. The simulation results showed that the proposed method had higher power to accurately detect simulated QTLs and properly estimated effect of these QTLs. To demonstrate the usefulness, the proposed method was used to identify the QTLs underlying fiber percentage in an upland cotton IF2 population. A computer software, QTLNetwork-Seed, was developed for QTL analysis of seed traits.
Data from: Mixed linear model approach for mapping quantitative trait loci underlying crop seed traits
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