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19 results for “Mixed species groups”
Fig. 7 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 7. Cluster analysis of species co-occurrences in groups based on the Ward linkage method and Pearson distance. Abbreviations for each species are defined in Tab. 1. Note two dominant clusters (cluster 1 at left and cluster 2 at right). An asterisk below species codes indicate membership in top 10 species based on mixed-species links.
Fig. 5 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 5. Network visualization of the web of associations between species (33 species with 288 pair-wise links). The size of each species node is weighted relative to the frequency of each species in any group (abbreviations for each species are defined in Tab. 1). The lines between species nodes are weighted by the relative frequency of associations between each species pair.
Fig. 3 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 3. Examples of mixed-species hunting groups observed to ca. 35 m depth. (A) Caranx melampygus, Dermatolepis dermatolepis and Bodianus diplotenia at a crevice. Note D. dermatolepis and B. diplotaenia are able to maneuver deep into the crevice while C. melampygus follow from above and search for escaping prey. (B) Group composed of C. melampygus, Trianodon obesus, Cephalopholis panamensis and unidentified muraenid eel (hidden within crevices) hunt for prey within crevices amongst coral and coral rubble along reef edge. (C) Lutjanus argentiventris, D. dermatolepis, C. melampygus and B. diplotaenia hunt for prey as group traverses low relief volcanic pavement along a pinnacle. (D) Group composed of D. dermatolepis, C. melampygus and Aulostomus chinensis. Note position of A. chinensis in lead over C. melampygus. (E) C. melampygus follows above a muraenid eel hunting within narrow crevices. (F) As in previous image, D. dermatolepis follows above muraenid eel hunting within narrow crevice. (G) C. melampygus follow B. diplotaenia hunting over sand and volcanic rubble habitat. (H) B. diplotaenia and A. chinensis hunt in tandem along edge of pinnacle.
Comparing single-species and mixed-species groups in fruit flies: differences in group dynamics but not group formation
<p>Mixed-species groups describe active associations among individuals of two or more species at the same trophic level. Mixed-species groups are important to key ecological and evolutionary processes such as competition and predation; and ignoring the presence of other species risks ignoring a key aspect of the environment in which social behavior is expressed and selected. Despite the defining emphasis of active formation for mixed-species groups, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms by which mixed-species groups form. Further, insects have been almost completely ignored in the study of mixed-species groups, despite their taxonomic importance and relative prominence in the study of single-species groups. Here, we measured group formation processes in Drosophila melanogaster and its sister species Drosophila simulans. Each species was studied alone, and together; and one population of D. melanogaster was also studied both alone and with another, phenotypically-distinct D. melanogaster population, in a nested-factorial design. This approach differs from typical methods of studying mixed-species groups in that we could quantitatively compare group formation between single-population, mixed-population, and mixed-species treatments. Surprisingly, we found no differences between treatments in the number, size, or composition of groups that formed, suggesting that single-species and mixed-species groups form through similar mechanisms of active attraction. However, we found that mixed-species groups showed elevated inter-species male-male interactions, relative to inter-population or inter-genotype interactions in single-species groups. Our findings expand the conceptual and taxonomic study of mixed-species groups while raising new questions about the mechanisms of group formation broadly.</p>
Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
<p>A <span><span><span><span>basic tenet of animal behavior is that animal groupings (e.g., schools of fishes or flocks of birds) are widely influenced by predators. Many studies have focused on communication between individuals within the same species or different species within a defined social group; but predators typically select from a number of different co-occurring species. To evaluate whether two distantly-related species with similar predators share vocal information regarding predator threats, we conducted a field experiment in the Amazonian rainforest involving an avian prey-species, a primate prey-species, and a shared predator. In our reciprocal field experiment, we elicited alarm calls from birds (Bluish-slate antshrikes, <em>Thamnomanes schistogynus</em>)<em> </em>and primates (Saddle-backed tamarins, <em>Saguinus fuscicollis</em>) by exposing them to a trained raptor (Bicolored Hawk, <em>Accipiter bicolor</em>). We then played all types of recorded alarm calls back to birds and tamarins, and measured 1) the time to respond (for both birds and tamarins), and 2) the distance moved across the substrate (for tamarins). Our results show that both birds and tamarins were significantly more likely to flee when hearing vocal alarms compared to a control (a common bird call, the Screaming Piha, <em>Lipaugus vociferans</em>), regardless of the species who produced the alarm. In addition, tamarins moved significantly more upon hearing bird alarm calls when compared to the control. We suggest that signals regarding shared predators may be highly valued across prey from distinct social groups. These data support the hypothesis that overlapping potential predators can drive communication between distinct prey groups, resulting in taxonomically diverse eavesdropping networks within tropical rainforests.</span></span></span></span></p>
Mixed-species groups of herbivorous reef fish show variable responses to ecosystem perturbations in the Lakshadweep Islands, India
<p>This dataset contains data on mixed-species groups of herbivorous reef fish and local species composition in the Lakshadweep Islands, India.</p> <p>Herbivorous reef fish provide a vital function in reef ecosystems by removing algae and making space available to coral recruits. The high abundance of herbivores in the reefs of the Lakshadweep islands has potentially aided in reef recovery and helped avoid a phase shift to an algal-dominated system, despite most areas having suffered massive coral losses. Mixed-species grouping in herbivores could potentially benefit both the participant species and the reef ecosystem by improving foraging efficiency. We examined the grouping propensity and species richness for three types of herbivore groups after a mass-bleaching event in 2010 and a mass recruitment event in 2015. The species richness and number of parrotfish groups, as well as the grouping propensity of common species, declined starkly across years, indicating that these groups may have formed in response to the mass-bleaching event, slowly diminishing as the reefs recovered. Conversely, large surgeonfish, which varied in richness and propensity across islands and aspect, are likely influenced by local processes. Small surgeonfish only increased in species richness and number in 2015, which may have been in response to the recruitment event. Thus, herbivorous fish may respond differently to local ecosystem perturbations and play different roles in reef recovery.</p>
Comparing single-species and mixed-species groups in fruit flies: differences in group dynamics but not group formation
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Mixed-species groups of herbivorous reef fish show variable responses to ecosystem perturbations in the Lakshadweep Islands, India
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Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
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Distribution. WC core and SE peninsula of Sulawesi, including Mt Kanino, Mt Nokilalaki, Mt Lehio, Rano Rano, and Mamasa regions, Quarles Range, Mt Rantemario, and Mt Latimojong. Descriptive notes. er 155-242 mm, tail 138-190 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hind-foot 28-45 mm; weight 95-170 g. The Montane Hill Rat is the largest member of the B. fratrorum species group, with broad head, long rostrum, and robust body. Pelage is moderately long, soft, and lustrous, with shortish blackish guard hairs mixed throughout. Dorsum is brownish gray, speckled with buff that is a mix of dark gray underfur and overhairs with brown tips and buffy bands, being dark gray for the most part. Sides are paler grayish brown and fade into ventral pelage. Sides of muzzle are white. Venter is grayish white or dark grayish white, although some are grayish buff, with gray hairs and unpigmented tips or unpigmented altogether, respectively. Juveniles are duller and darker, with more grayish white underparts. Feet are long and slender, with white digits. Ears are large, covered in short unpigmented hair, rubbery, and gray and brown hues. Tail is 88-102% of head-body length and mainly bicolored, brownish gray to blackish gray dorsally and glossy white ventrally, with white tip most of the time. Scrotum is gray. Skull is large, with long and wide rostrum and narrow zygomatic plate. Fleas (e.g. Sigmactenus, Stivalius, Musserella, and Dasypsyllus), ticks (Rhipicephalus) pseudoscorpions (Magachernes and Chiridiochernes), and nematodes (Bunomystrongylus and Sibulura) have been recorded from the Montane Hill Rat. There are two pairs of inguinal mammae. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 60 (females) or FN = 61 (males). in Muridae
Distribution. WC core and SE peninsula of Sulawesi, including Mt Kanino, Mt Nokilalaki, Mt Lehio, Rano Rano, and Mamasa regions, Quarles Range, Mt Rantemario, and Mt Latimojong. Descriptive notes. er 155-242 mm, tail 138-190 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hind-foot 28-45 mm; weight 95-170 g. The Montane Hill Rat is the largest member of the B. fratrorum species group, with broad head, long rostrum, and robust body. Pelage is moderately long, soft, and lustrous, with shortish blackish guard hairs mixed throughout. Dorsum is brownish gray, speckled with buff that is a mix of dark gray underfur and overhairs with brown tips and buffy bands, being dark gray for the most part. Sides are paler grayish brown and fade into ventral pelage. Sides of muzzle are white. Venter is grayish white or dark grayish white, although some are grayish buff, with gray hairs and unpigmented tips or unpigmented altogether, respectively. Juveniles are duller and darker, with more grayish white underparts. Feet are long and slender, with white digits. Ears are large, covered in short unpigmented hair, rubbery, and gray and brown hues. Tail is 88-102% of head-body length and mainly bicolored, brownish gray to blackish gray dorsally and glossy white ventrally, with white tip most of the time. Scrotum is gray. Skull is large, with long and wide rostrum and narrow zygomatic plate. Fleas (e.g. Sigmactenus, Stivalius, Musserella, and Dasypsyllus), ticks (Rhipicephalus) pseudoscorpions (Magachernes and Chiridiochernes), and nematodes (Bunomystrongylus and Sibulura) have been recorded from the Montane Hill Rat. There are two pairs of inguinal mammae. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 60 (females) or FN = 61 (males).
Clay lick usage by wild mixed-species parrot groups at the Colpa Colorado from Oct through Dec 2002–2012
<p>This data was collected at the Colpa Colorado, a clay lick in southeastern Peru (13<span>°</span> 080' S, 69<span>°</span> 370' W), as part of a long-term monitoring project conducted by The Macaw Society (formerly known as the Tambopata Macaw Project). This data set documents the clay lick visitation rates of 12 species of parrots during the early wet season (Oct-Dec) from 2002-2012. Field assistants recorded the number of individuals of each species present on several pre-defined zones of the clay lick at regular 5-minute intervals, starting with the time when the first parrot lands on the clay lick in the morning. The vast majority of clay lick usage occurs in the early morning and this release contains data up until 9 am every day. This data set is unique for its longitudinal nature (spanning 11 years), fine-grained temporal resolution (with scans conducted every 5 minutes), and spatial resolution (with parrot numbers recorded for 11 standardized zones per scan).</p>
Multiple social benefits drive the formation of mixed-species groups of Australian humpback and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins
<p class="MsoNormal">Mixed-species groups are common amongst diverse taxa including fishes, birds, and mammals. Antipredator, foraging, and social benefits have been proposed as functional explanations for mixed-species group formation. Amongst delphinids, mixed-species groups are widespread, but little is known about their function. To investigate the potential benefits of delphinid mixed-species groups, we compared the number of individuals, the age composition, and the behaviour of single- and mixed-species sightings of Australian humpback (<em>Sousa sahulensis</em>) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (<em>Tursiops aduncus</em>) observed around the North West Cape, Western Australia. We found no difference in the number of individuals or the age composition of humpback dolphins present in single- and mixed-species sightings, whereas bottlenose dolphins were present in larger numbers in single-species sightings than in mixed-species sightings due to a higher number of adults. Socialising was the initial observed behavioural state of 36.1% of mixed-species sightings, compared to only 5.1% and 10.3% of humpback and bottlenose dolphin single-species sightings, respectively. Furthermore, both species travelled and foraged less frequently when in mixed-species groups. Of 93 mixed-species groups observed during a focal follow of ≥10 minutes, 32 (34.4%) involved aggressive and/or sexual behaviours typically initiated by bottlenose dolphins towards humpback dolphins while the remaining 61 (65.6%) involved only neutral and affiliative behaviours. The results of this study suggest that the observed mixed-species groups provide multiple social benefits, particularly those pertaining to socio-sexual behaviours and the development and care of young.</p>
Clay lick usage by wild mixed-species parrot groups at the Colpa Colorado from Oct through Dec 2002–2012
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Multiple social benefits drive the formation of mixed-species groups of Australian humpback and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins
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Fig. 2 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 2. Cumulative species richness based on consecutive samples (open circles) as well as Chao 1 (open diamonds) and Michaelis-Menton estimates of species richness (solid circles). Values calculated using Primer version 6.1.13 software.
Fig. 4 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 4. Examples of mixed-species hunting groups from ca. 50-80 m depth at the Everest deep pinnacle site. (A) Caranx melampygus, Caranx lugubris, Mycteroperca olfax hunting in groups around the steep upper slope and peak, where smaller prey fish like Paranthias colonus aggregate in the water column. Periodic attacks by single fish and adjacent pairs were observed. (B) C. melampygus, C. lugubris and M. olfax move as a group but widely spaced in this setting. Individual fish attacked proximate prey that reacted to nearby predators. (C) Seriola rivoliana, D. dermatolepis, Lutjanus argentiventris, Bodianus diplotaenia and Aulostomus chinensis hunt for prey amongst corals and within crevices. (D) Image recorded soon after C (previous image) illustrating D. dermatolepis and B. diplotaenia entering, and A. chinensis emerging from a dense patch of corals to hunt while S. rivoliana maneuver above to encounter potential escaping prey. (E) M. olfax and L. argentiventris follow a moray eel (hidden within narrow crevice). (F) Large group of S. rivoliana and M. olfax move in tandem around the summit and upper slope, with occasional attacks by individuals on potential prey.
Fig. 6 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 6. Relationships between three metrics of network connectivity in order to identify important species within the behavior web (species pair-wise links = open diamond and dotted line, total occurrences per species = open triangle and dashed line, network strength = solid circle and solid line). Species on x-axis in descending order based on value of pair-wise links (as in Tab. 1). Regression lines are based on the power function. Eigenvector centrality values (open circle) plotted for comparison.
Fig. 8 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 8. Linear regression of total pair-wise links in the behavior web on species richness (links = -781.8 + 32.08 S; r2 = 99.1) based on fisheries removal simulation. Noteworthy is the rapid decline in linkages within the behavior web with removal of only several key species. The reduction in species richness is with the sequential removal of first Caranx melampygus and Trianodon obesus, then Dermatolepis dermatolepis, Caranx lugubris and Bodianus diplotaenia from the data set in this study (see text for detailed explanation).
Fig. 1 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Fig. 1. Location map. BA = Bajo Alcyone, DA = Big Dos Amigos, CB = Chatham Bay, DR = Dirty Rock, EV = Eve- rest, IP = Isla Pájara, MC = Manuelita Channel, MG = Ma- nuelita Coral Garden, MO = Manuelita Outside, PM = Punta María, SF = Shark Fin Rock, SR = Submerge Rock, VR = Viking Rock.
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