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4 results for “Molasse de Villarlod sandstone”

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zenodo44/100

CT-Scan Image Dataset of Residual Fluid-Driven Fracture in a Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone Core - Post-Radial Hydraulic Fracture Experiment - M03 Sample

<h3>Dataset Description</h3> This dataset contains high-resolution CT-scan images that capture the residual fracture surface within a core sample of Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone. The core sample was extracted after conducting a radial hydraulic fracture experiment on a 25 × 25 × 25 cm cubic block of sandstone (M03 sample). The experiment was designed to simulate fluid-driven fracture propagation and closure, and the resulting fracture path was preserved in the core sample. Core Location in the M03 Cube Sample: <ul> <li>Z: 12.5 cm</li> <li>South-North: 12.5 cm</li> <li>West-East: 11.5 cm to 1.36 cm (Coring direction)</li> </ul> This spatial information specifies the exact location and orientation of the core extraction within the M03 cube sample. <h4>CT-scan instrument details:</h4> The M03 sample was analyzed using an X-ray micro-CT scanner (RX-Solutions Ultratom) under consistent scanning protocols and parameters. A reflective 230 kV microfocus X-ray source (Hamamatsu L10801) equipped with a 0.2 mm thick copper filter, a tungsten cathode, and a tungsten target was employed for the imaging process. The scans were conducted with a voltage of 120 kV and a current intensity of 80 mA. The volume data acquisition was performed in continuous helical mode, ensuring complete coverage of the sample’s height. For sample M03, 6 full rotations were executed, with 1312 projections captured for each 360° rotation, allowing for highly precise volume reconstruction. The X-ray beam attenuation was recorded by an XL Varex Paxscan 2530HE plane detector with a resolution of 2176 x 1792 pixels, and an exposure time of 0.50 seconds per projection. The acquired projections were processed using RX-Solutions X-act software with Filtered Backprojection to reconstruct a corrected volume. This reconstruction yielded approximately 9000 slices in 16-bit TIFF format, with voxel dimensions of 10 x 10 x 10 microns, providing detailed insights into the internal structure of the sample. <h4>Key Features:</h4> <ul> <li> Fracture Characteristics: The fracture observed in the CT-scans represents a residual opening that remains post-fracturation. It is entirely contained within the core, showcasing the internal fracture geometry resulting from the hydraulic fracturing process. </li> <li> CT-Scan Details: The CT-scans were taken perpendicular to the fracture surface, offering a detailed cross-sectional view of the fracture at different depths. This orientation is critical for accurately capturing the fracture morphology and allows for the reconstruction of the fracture surface in 3D. </li> <li> Material Information: The core sample is composed of Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone, a sedimentary rock which is porous (18% porosity) and permeable. This material choice is relevant for studying fracture closure subjected to the leak-off of the fluid inside the porous medium. </li> <li> Experimental Context: The radial hydraulic fracture experiment aimed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fracture and its closure due to the leakage of fluid inside fracture into the porous medium. The dataset provides valuable insights into fracture propagation patterns, surface roughness, and the effects of fluid-driven fractures in porous media. </li> </ul> <h4>Applications:</h4> This dataset is particularly valuable for researchers and engineers involved in: <ul> <li>Fracture mechanics and surface characterization</li> <li>3D reconstruction and visualization of fracture surfaces</li> <li>Surface roughness analysis</li> <li>Hydraulic fracturing studies</li> <li>Geomechanical modeling</li> </ul> <h4>File Structure:</h4> The dataset is organized into zip-folder contains .tif images corresponding to different depths within the core. Each tif-image is a CT-scan for that specific depth, labeled according to their position along the fracture path. <h4>Processing code:</h4> Follow the URL repository in the software section to access to the code for processing these images and reconstructing the fracture surfaces. Acknowledgment: We would like to extend our deepest thanks to Gary Perrenoud, Albert Taureg, and Lionel Pittet, the technical specialists of the PIXE platform at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Their expertise and support in operating the CT-scan machine were important to the success of this research. We greatly appreciate their dedication and the high-quality work they provided. Contact and Support: Email: Brice Lecampion: brice.lecampion@epfl.ch Mohsen Talebkeikhah: m.talebkeikhah@gmail.com

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

zenodo40/100

CT-Scan Image Dataset of Residual Fluid-Driven Fracture in a Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone Core - Post-Radial Hydraulic Fracture Experiment - M04 Sample

<h3>Dataset Description</h3> This dataset contains high-resolution CT-scan images that capture the residual fracture surface within a core sample of Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone. The core sample was extracted after conducting a radial hydraulic fracture experiment on a 25 × 25 × 25 cm cubic block of sandstone (M04 Smaple). The experiment was designed to simulate fluid-driven fracture propagation and closure, and the resulting fracture path was preserved in the core sample. Core Location in the M04 Cube Sample: <ul> <li>Z: 12.5 cm</li> <li>South-North: 12.5 cm</li> <li>West-East: 13.5 cm to 23.3 cm (Coring direction)</li> </ul> This spatial information specifies the exact location and orientation of the core extraction within the M04 cube sample. <h4>CT-scan instrument details:</h4> The M04 sample was analyzed using an X-ray micro-CT scanner (RX-Solutions Ultratom) under consistent scanning protocols and parameters. A reflective 230 kV microfocus X-ray source (Hamamatsu L10801) equipped with a 0.2 mm thick copper filter, a tungsten cathode, and a tungsten target was employed for the imaging process. The scans were conducted with a voltage of 120 kV and a current intensity of 80 mA. The volume data acquisition was performed in continuous helical mode, ensuring complete coverage of the sample’s height. For sample M04, 5 full rotations were executed, with 1312 projections captured for each 360° rotation, allowing for highly precise volume reconstruction. The X-ray beam attenuation was recorded by an XL Varex Paxscan 2530HE plane detector with a resolution of 2176 x 1792 pixels, and an exposure time of 0.50 seconds per projection. The acquired projections were processed using RX-Solutions X-act software with Filtered Backprojection to reconstruct a corrected volume. This reconstruction yielded approximately 9000 slices in 16-bit TIFF format, with voxel dimensions of 10 x 10 x 10 microns, providing detailed insights into the internal structure of the sample. <h4>Key Features:</h4> <ul> <li> Fracture Characteristics: The fracture observed in the CT-scans represents a residual opening that remains post-fracturation. It is entirely contained within the core, showcasing the internal fracture geometry resulting from the hydraulic fracturing process. </li> <li> CT-Scan Details: The CT-scans were taken perpendicular to the fracture surface, offering a detailed cross-sectional view of the fracture at different depths. This orientation is critical for accurately capturing the fracture morphology and allows for the reconstruction of the fracture surface in 3D. </li> <li> Material Information: The core sample is composed of Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone, a sedimentary rock which is porous (18% porosity) and permeable. This material choice is relevant for studying fracture closure subjected to the leak-off of the fluid inside the porous medium. </li> <li> Experimental Context: The radial hydraulic fracture experiment aimed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fracture and its closure due to the leakage of fluid inside fracture into the porous medium. The dataset provides valuable insights into fracture propagation patterns, surface roughness, and the effects of fluid-driven fractures in porous media. </li> </ul> <h4>Applications:</h4> This dataset is particularly valuable for researchers and engineers involved in: <ul> <li>Fracture mechanics and surface characterization</li> <li>3D reconstruction and visualization of fracture surfaces</li> <li>Surface roughness analysis</li> <li>Hydraulic fracturing studies</li> <li>Geomechanical modeling</li> </ul> <h4>File Structure:</h4> The dataset is organized into zip-folder contains .tif images corresponding to different depths within the core. Each tif-image is a CT-scan for that specific depth, labeled according to their position along the fracture path. <h4>Processing code:</h4> Follow the URL repository in the software section to access to the code for processing these images and reconstructing the fracture surfaces. Acknowledgment: We would like to extend our deepest thanks to Gary Perrenoud, Albert Taureg, and Lionel Pittet, the technical specialists of the PIXE platform at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Their expertise and support in operating the CT-scan machine were important to the success of this research. We greatly appreciate their dedication and the high-quality work they provided. Contact and Support: Email: Brice Lecampion: brice.lecampion@epfl.ch Mohsen Talebkeikhah: m.talebkeikhah@gmail.com

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Radial Hydraulic Fracturing Experiment: 1 Cycle of Fracture Propagation, Arrest, and Closure in Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone - Sample M03

<h4>Overview</h4> This dataset encompasses detailed measurements from a lab-scale radial hydraulic fracturing experiment conducted on a cubic sample of Molasse de Villarlod sandstone, designated as Sample M03. The sandstone, sourced from a quarry in Fribourg, Switzerland, is known for its porosity (18.1%) and permeability, making it an ideal material for studying hydraulic fracture processes. The primary focus of the experiment was to observe and analyze the propagation, arrest, and closure of hydraulic fractures under controlled triaxial stress conditions. <h4>Experimental Setup</h4> The experiment was conducted on a cubic sandstone sample with dimensions of 25 × 25 × 25 cm. The sample was placed in a truetriaxial frame that applied confining stresses in all three principal directions: <ul> <li>Vertical Confining Stress: 7 MPa</li> <li>Horizontal Confining Stress: 14 MPa</li> </ul> A viscous glucose fluid containing a UV additive was used as the fracturing fluid. This fluid was injected through a 1/8'' high-pressure tube cemented with epoxy into a centrally drilled hole within the sample. An axisymmetric notch was created at the injection point to facilitate fracture initiation and promote the planarity of the fracture. The experiment was designed to simulate one cycle of fracture initiation, propagation, arrest, and closure. The closure of the fracture was occured by the leakoff of the fracturing fluid into the surrounding porous medium. <h4>Acoustic Monitoring</h4> To capture the dynamics of fracture propagation and closure, the experiment employed both passive and active acoustic monitoring systems: <ol> <li> Passive Acoustic Monitoring: <ul> <li>Sensors: 16 Vallen VS150-M passive piezoelectric sensors were used to capture Acoustic Emissions (AEs) within the frequency range of 50 kHz to 600 kHz.</li> <li>Signal Processing: Continuous signal analysis and denoising were performed on the captured AE data. The STA/LTA algorithm was applied to the denoised signal to identify potential p-wave arrivals, providing insights into the fracture mechanics.</li> </ul> </li> <li> Active Acoustic Monitoring: <ul> <li>Transducers: A total of 64 piezoelectric transducers were integrated into the loading platens, with 32 acting as sources and 32 as receivers. The array included 10 shear-wave and 54 longitudinal-wave transducers.</li> <li>Signal Generation and Acquisition: A Ricker excitation signal with a central frequency adjustable between 300 and 750 kHz was generated and amplified using a high-power amplifier. The signal was routed to one of the 32 source transducers via a multiplexer, and the resulting signals were recorded simultaneously by the 32 receiver transducers at a sampling frequency of 50 MHz. Each source was excited 50 times to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, with the complete acquisition sequence taking approximately 2.5 seconds.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4>Additional Measurements</h4> In addition to acoustic monitoring, several other key measurements were recorded during the experiment: <ul> <li>Fluid Injection Parameters: The pressure and rate of fluid injection were continuously monitored.</li> <li>Flat-Jack and Piston Parameters: The pressures and volumes exerted by each pair of flat-jacks were recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz.</li> <li>Fracture Opening Measurement: An eddy current sensor, an electromagnetic inductive device, was placed inside the wellbore at the notch/inlet to directly measure the fracture opening.</li> </ul> All measurements were synchronized using a dedicated LabView application to ensure consistency across the dataset. <h4>Conclusion</h4> This dataset provides a comprehensive view of the hydraulic fracturing behavior of Molasse de Villarlod sandstone under controlled laboratory conditions, with a focus on the processes of fracture propagation, arrest, and closure. The dataset includes raw and processed acoustic data, fluid injection metrics, and direct observations of fracture opening. It is an invaluable resource for researchers and engineers studying hydraulic fracturing, rock mechanics, and related fields. The data is suitable for detailed analysis and modeling of fracture mechanics in porous, permeable sandstones. <h4>Note</h4> Since the fracture did not extend to the boundaries of the sample, the sample was subsequently cut, and a core was extracted. This core was then sent for CT-scan analysis, which was used to reconstruct the residual fracture surfaces and assess their roughness. The dataset from this analysis is available in the Related Work section via the provided URL (Talebkeikhah, M. (2024). CT-Scan Image Dataset of Residual Fluid-Driven Fracture in a Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone Core - Post-Radial Hydraulic Fracture Experiment - M03 Sample [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13358916" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13358916</a>). <h4>Processing code</h4> Follow the URL repositories below to access to the codes for processing these dataset. <a href="https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/ActiveAcoustiX">https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/ActiveAcoustiX</a> <a href="https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/FracLowRate">https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/FracLowRate</a> Contact and Support Email: Brice Lecampion: brice.lecampion@epfl.ch Mohsen Talebkeikhah: m.talebkeikhah@gmail.com

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Radial Hydraulic Fracturing Experiment: 3 Cycles of Fracture Propagation, Arrest, and Closure in Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone - Sample M04

<h4>Overview</h4> This dataset encompasses detailed measurements from a lab-scale radial hydraulic fracturing experiment conducted on a cubic sample of Molasse de Villarlod sandstone, designated as Sample M04. The sandstone, sourced from a quarry in Fribourg, Switzerland, is known for its porosity (18.1%) and permeability, making it an ideal material for studying hydraulic fracture processes. The primary focus of the experiment was to observe and analyze the propagation, arrest, and closure of hydraulic fractures under controlled triaxial stress conditions. <h4>Experimental Setup</h4> The experiment was conducted on a cubic sandstone sample with dimensions of 25 × 25 × 25 cm. The sample was placed in a truetriaxial frame that applied confining stresses in all three principal directions: <ul> <li>Vertical Confining Stress: 5 MPa</li> <li>Horizontal Confining Stress: 15 MPa</li> </ul> A viscous glycerol fluid (0.57 Pa.s) containing a UV additive was used as the fracturing fluid. This fluid was injected through a 1/8'' high-pressure tube cemented with epoxy into a centrally drilled hole within the sample. An axisymmetric notch was created at the injection point to facilitate fracture initiation and promote the planarity of the fracture. The experiment was designed to simulate three cycles of fracture initiation, propagation, arrest, and closure. The closure of the fracture was occured by the leakoff of the fracturing fluid into the surrounding porous medium. <h4>Acoustic Monitoring</h4> To capture the dynamics of fracture propagation and closure, the experiment employed both passive and active acoustic monitoring systems: <ol> <li> Passive Acoustic Monitoring: <ul> <li>Sensors: 16 Vallen VS150-M passive piezoelectric sensors were used to capture Acoustic Emissions (AEs) within the frequency range of 50 kHz to 600 kHz.</li> <li>Signal Processing: Continuous signal analysis and denoising were performed on the captured AE data. The STA/LTA algorithm was applied to the denoised signal to identify potential p-wave arrivals, providing insights into the fracture mechanics.</li> </ul> </li> <li> Active Acoustic Monitoring: <ul> <li>Transducers: A total of 64 piezoelectric transducers were integrated into the loading platens, with 32 acting as sources and 32 as receivers. The array included 10 shear-wave and 54 longitudinal-wave transducers.</li> <li>Signal Generation and Acquisition: A Ricker excitation signal with a central frequency adjustable between 300 and 750 kHz was generated and amplified using a high-power amplifier. The signal was routed to one of the 32 source transducers via a multiplexer, and the resulting signals were recorded simultaneously by the 32 receiver transducers at a sampling frequency of 50 MHz. Each source was excited 50 times to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, with the complete acquisition sequence taking approximately 2.5 seconds.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4>Additional Measurements</h4> In addition to acoustic monitoring, several other key measurements were recorded during the experiment: <ul> <li>Fluid Injection Parameters: The pressure and rate of fluid injection were continuously monitored.</li> <li>Flat-Jack and Piston Parameters: The pressures and volumes exerted by each pair of flat-jacks were recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz.</li> <li>Fracture Opening Measurement: An eddy current sensor, an electromagnetic inductive device, was placed inside the wellbore at the notch/inlet to directly measure the fracture opening.</li> </ul> All measurements were synchronized using a dedicated LabView application to ensure consistency across the dataset. <h4>Conclusion</h4> This dataset provides a comprehensive view of the hydraulic fracturing behavior of Molasse de Villarlod sandstone under controlled laboratory conditions, with a focus on the processes of fracture propagation, arrest, and closure. The dataset includes raw and processed acoustic data, fluid injection metrics, and direct observations of fracture opening. It is an invaluable resource for researchers and engineers studying hydraulic fracturing, rock mechanics, and related fields. The data is suitable for detailed analysis and modeling of fracture mechanics in porous, permeable sandstones. <h4>Note</h4> Since the fracture did not extend to the boundaries of the sample, the sample was subsequently cut, and a core was extracted. This core was then sent for CT-scan analysis, which was used to reconstruct the residual fracture surfaces and assess their roughness. The dataset from this analysis is available in the Related Work section via the provided URL (Talebkeikhah, M. (2024). CT-Scan Image Dataset of Residual Fluid-Driven Fracture in a Molasse de Villarlod Sandstone Core - Post-Radial Hydraulic Fracture Experiment - M04 Sample [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13357511" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13357511</a>). <h4>Processing code</h4> Follow the URL repositories below to access to the codes for processing these dataset. <a href="https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/ActiveAcoustiX">https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/ActiveAcoustiX</a> <a href="https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/FracLowRate">https://github.com/GeoEnergyLab-EPFL/FracLowRate</a> Contact and Support Email: Brice Lecampion: brice.lecampion@epfl.ch Mohsen Talebkeikhah: m.talebkeikhah@gmail.com

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

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