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Fig. 4. A in A Sponge-dwelling Ribbon Worm, Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov. (Nemertea: Monostilifera) Collected off Ofunato, Japan

Fig. 4. A maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on concatenated sequences of 16S (380 bp), COI (626 bp), 18S (1738 bp), 28S (505 bp), and H3 (329 bp). Solid circles indicate 100% of bootstrap values. Numbers near each node are support values generated by a separate partitioned ML bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates.

Fig. 3 in A Sponge-dwelling Ribbon Worm, Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov. (Nemertea: Monostilifera) Collected off Ofunato, Japan

Fig. 3. Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov. (paratype), photomicrographs of transverse sections. A, Frontal organ (arrowhead); B, precerebral vessels (arrowheads); C, cerebral organs; D, brain; E, proboscis; F, posterior glands of cerebral ganglia; G, intestinal caeca; H, intestine; I, stylet apparatus. Abbreviations: ag, acidophilic glands; bg, basophilic glands; br, brain; co, cerebral organ; in, intestine; st, stomach. Scale bars: A–C, 100 µm; G, 50 µm; D–F, I, 75 µm; H, 150 µm.

Fig. 2 in A Sponge-dwelling Ribbon Worm, Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov. (Nemertea: Monostilifera) Collected off Ofunato, Japan

Fig. 2. Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov., photographs taken in life (type series). A, Whole body; B, magnification of head, dorsal; C, ventral. Abbreviations: acf, anterior cephalic furrow; pcf, posterior cephalic furrow; pp, proboscis pore. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, C, 500 µm.

Fig. 1. A in A Sponge-dwelling Ribbon Worm, Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov. (Nemertea: Monostilifera) Collected off Ofunato, Japan

Fig. 1. A collection site of Tetrastemma carneum sp. nov., off Ofunato, Iwate, Japan. A, Map showing the collection site of the specimens examined in the present study (red circle); B, demosponges from which specimens of T. carneum sp. nov. were found; C, magnification of demosponges—specimens of T. carneum were collected from a yellow demosponge attached to the bottom of a white demosponge (arrowhead).

Fig. 3 in A New Species of Bathyal Nemertean, Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., off Tohoku, Japan, and Molecular Systematics of the Genus (Nemertea: Monostilifera)

Fig. 3. Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6058, photomicrographs of transverse sections. A, Body wall in brain region; B, anterior part of cerebral organs; arrowheads pointing to the radial canal; C, posterior part of cerebral organs; arrowhead pointing to the lateral canal; D, brain; arrowhead pointing to vascular plug; E, proboscis; F, testis; G, excretory collecting tubule (arrowhead). Abbreviations: ag, acidophilic glands; br, brain; de, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglion; ep, epidermis; ln, lateral nerve cord; mlm, middle longitudinal muscle layer of body wall; ocm, outer circular muscle layer of body wall; pb, proboscis; pe, proboscis epithelium; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; rh, rhynchocoel; st, stomach; te, testis; vg, ventral ganglion. Scale bars: A = 20 µm, B = 75 µm, C, G = 50 µm, D = 100 µm, E, F = 40 µm.

Fig. 2 in A New Species of Bathyal Nemertean, Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., off Tohoku, Japan, and Molecular Systematics of the Genus (Nemertea: Monostilifera)

Fig. 2. Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6058, photographs taken in living state. A, Whole body, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Abbreviations: cf, cephalic furrow; co, cerebral organ. Scale bar: 500 µm.

Fig. 1 in A New Species of Bathyal Nemertean, Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., off Tohoku, Japan, and Molecular Systematics of the Genus (Nemertea: Monostilifera)

Fig. 1. Map showing the collection site (solid circle) of the specimen examined in the present study.

Fig. 4 in A New Species of Bathyal Nemertean, Proamphiporus kaimeiae sp. nov., off Tohoku, Japan, and Molecular Systematics of the Genus (Nemertea: Monostilifera)

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic trees of the genus Proamphiporus based on concatenated 16S rRNA (454 bp), COI (657 bp), 18S rRNA (1773 bp), 28S rRNA (1077 bp), and histone H3 genes (326 bp). A, Phylogenetic tree inferred by maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, showing support values generated by a separate partitioned ML bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates; B, phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis, showing posterior probability of a separate partitioned Bayesian analysis.

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FIGURE 1 in A histology-free description of a new species of the genus Tetrastemma (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from Hawaii and India

FIGURE 1. Tetrastemma freyae sp. nov. (A, B) holotype: lateral view of the head with everted proboscis (A) and dorsal view of the anterior body (B). (C, F, G) paratype: dorsal view of the anterior body (C); stylet apparatus (F, G). (D, E) two specimens from India, dorsal view (E, squeezed specimen under cover glass). Scale bars: (A-C), 0.5 mm; (D, E), 1 mm; (F), 100 µm; (G), 50 µm.

FIGURE 5. A–D in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 5. A–D, drawings of specimens referred to as Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828 by different authors; E, Nemertellina yamaokai Kajihara et al., 2001. A, reproduced from Ehrenberg (1828–1831); head, dorsal view (right); anterior fragment of body (middle); posterior end (left); the eyes are anteroposteriorly separated; the rhynchocoel appears to extend half body length at most. B, reproduced from McIntosh (1873–1874); this species is commonly regarded by subsequent authors (e.g., Beaumont 1900; Wijnhoff 1912) as belonging in Nemertopsis Bürger, 1895; the rhynchocoel extends 2/3 of body in this species (Beaumont 1900). C, reproduced from Bürger (1895); the rhynchocoel extends into the posterior region of the body. D, reproduced with permission (license number: 4636460733834) from Strand & Sundberg (2005b, fig. 1A) (© 2005 Oxford University Press); the eyes are arranged at the corners of a square. E, reproduced from Yamaoka (1940); anterior body, dorsal view (right); head, ventral view (left); the eyes are anteroposteriorly widely separated; the rhynchocoel is 30–60% of the body length (Kajihara et al. 2001). A–C and E are in the public domain.

FIGURE 4. Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 4. Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 (ICHUM 5973), transverse sections through ventral rhynchocoel wall; A, anterior end, branch from mid-dorsal vessel, with basophilic contents (arrowhead); B, mid-dorsal vessel (arrowhead), 24 µm posterior to A; C, D, another branch (black arrowheads) with basophilic contents, sent off from mid-dorsal vessel (white arrowheads), 208–232 µm posterior to A. Scale bar: 20 µm (A–D).

FIGURE 3. A–B in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 3. A–B, Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (ICHUM 3280); A, anaesthetized living specimen; B, transverse section showing vascular plug (arrowhead); C–E, Quasitetrastemma stimpsoni (Chernyshev, 1992) (C, D, unregistered specimen, 3 July 2004, Akkeshi; E, ICHUM 5972); C, dorsal surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; D, ventral surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; E, transverse section showing vascular plug (arrowhead). Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 50 µm (B, E); no scales for C, D.

FIGURE 2. A in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 2. A, 'Emplectonema' mitsuii Yamaoka, 1947 (ICHUM 5968), transverse section immediately behind proboscis insertion, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) with medially modified epithelium; B–D, Gononemertes parasita Bergendal, 1900 (ICHUM 5971); B, dorsal surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; C, ventral surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; D, transverse section through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into the rhynchocoel; E–G, Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) (ICUM 3274); E, anaesthetized specimen in living state; F, G, transverse sections through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into rhynchocoel; H, I, Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954 (H, ICHUM 3287; I, ICHUM 3288), transverse sections through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into rhynchocoel. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, D); 50 µm (F–I); no scales for B, C, E.

FIGURE 1 in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 1. Three different interpretations on the character evolution of rhynchocoel-wall composition among Monostilifera, mapped on topologically the same cladogram. A, if the last common ancestor of monostiliferans had a two-layered rhynchocoel wall (t), the interwoven state (i) would evolve twice; B, C, if the ancestral state was the interwoven one, either the last common ancestor of Eumonostilifera (= Plectonemertidae + Oerstediidae + Amphiporina) would acquire the two-layered state (B), or Oerstediidae and Amphiporina independently evolved the two-layered rhynchocoel walls (C); in either case, the loss of a single vascular plug on the mid-dorsal vessel (l) must have happened at the last common ancestor of Oerstediina (= Plectonemertidae + Oerstediidae), in which cephalic vessels protrude into the rhynchocoel when passing through cerebral ring.

FIGURES 1016 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURES 1016. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 10, Transverse section through the junction between the pyloric canal and intestine. IN, intestine. PR, proboscis. 11, Transverse section through a cephalic blood vessel to show the appearance of the vacuolar 'pouches'. 12, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord. 13, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord with the accessory lateral nerve, indicated by an arrow, running separately above it. 14, Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord in a region where the accessory lateral nerve has divided to form two neural tracts. 15, Transverse section through an efferent excretory tubule. 16, Transverse section through part of the head to show the appearance of the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. DE, dermis.

FIGURES 38 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURES 38. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 3, Transverse section through part of the body wall in the foregut region, showing the organisation of the body wall muscle layers. The diagonal muscle layer is indicated by an arrowhead. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. 4, Transverse section through the stomach region to show the thin circular somatic muscle layer, indicated by arrows. The anterior pouches of the intestinal caecum are indicated by stars. PR, proboscis. RC, rhynchocoel. ST, stomach. 5, Transverse section through the foregut region to show how the cephalic glands extend behind the brain as lateral blocks of tissue, and the dorsoventral muscle fibres, indicated by arrows, passing on either side of the lateral blood vessels and nerve cords. CG, cephalic glands. LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer. LN, lateral nerve cord. LV, lateral blood vessel. 6, Transverse section to show the organisation of the anterior portion of the proboscis. PE, proboscis epithelium. RC, rhynchocoel. 7, Transverse section through part of the head, showing oblique and radial muscle fibres running between the cephalic glands. CG, cephalic glands. CO, cerebral sensory organ. 8, Transverse section through the proboscis stylet bulb to show five accessory stylet pouches. The stylet bulb canal is indicated by an arrow. RC, rhynchocoel. SB, stylet basis.

FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURE 2. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Camera lucida drawing through the stomach region in crosssection to show the arrangement of the various body structures. AS, acidophilic spheres; CG, cephalic gland; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, body wall diagonal muscle layer; DV, middorsal blood vessel; EP, epidermis; EX, excretory tubule; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; PR, proboscis; RC, rhynchocoel; ST, stomach.

FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURE 1. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of a complete specimen (A) and enlargement of the head viewed dorsally (B), based on sketches made in life, to emphasise the distribution of the eyes and appearance of the posterior pair of cephalic furrows.

FIGURES 1720 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURES 1720. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. 17, Transverse section through part of the head to show two of the ocelli. 18, Transverse section through one of the short, anterior cephalic furrows; the arrow indicates a ciliated canal leading to a cerebral sensory organ. EP, epidermis. 19, Transverse section through an ovary to show an egg. OV, ovary. 20, Transverse section through the posterior region of the body showing several of the basophilic, vacuolar structures (indicated by arrows) which are interpreted as some form of parasite. IN, intestine.

FIGURE 9 in A new genus and species of monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from New Zealand

FIGURE 9. Vulcanonemertes rangitotoensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawings of the central stylet and basis from a young specimen (A), with a stylet:basis ratio of about 2:1, and from a larger individual (B) where the ratio is about 1:1. CS, central stylet. SB, stylet basis.