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Figure 2. A–G, Monotheca flexuosa. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 2. A–G, Monotheca flexuosa. A, part of stem; B, hydrocladium, lateral view; C, hydrocladium, ventral view; D, male and female gonothecae on same stem; E, median inferior nematotheca; F, cauline nematotheca; G, one of twin lateral nematothecae. Scale bar: A, D, 0.5 mm; B,C, 0.2 mm; E–G, 0.1 mm.

Figure 3. A–H, Monotheca hyalina. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 3. A–H, Monotheca hyalina. A, part of robust stem from cool temperate waters with intranodal septa; B, part of slender stem from temperate waters with no intranodal septa; C, hydrocladium and hydrotheca, lateral view; D, hydrocladium and hydrotheca, ventral view; E, gonotheca with female gonophore; F, apical stolonal plate; G, axillar hydrostatic pore; H, median inferior nematotheca; I, one of twin lateral nematothecae. Scale bar: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.5 mm; G–I, 0.1 mm.

Figure 1. A–G in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 1. A–G, Monotheca amphibola sp. nov. (drawn from holotype and paratypes). A, fertile stem with male and female gonothecae; B, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; C, median inferior nematotheca; D, cauline nematotheca; E, one of twin lateral nematothecae; F, axillar nematotheca; G, hydrorhizal nematotheca. H–N, Monotheca australis. H, infertile stem; I, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; J, female gonotheca with developing larva; K, median inferior nematotheca. Note clear demarcation between cup and peduncle (I) and its absence (K); L, axillar nematotheca; M, one of twin lateral nematothecae; N, axillar hydrostatic pore (axillar nematotheca not shown). Scale bar: A, 1 mm; B, I, H, 0.2 mm; C–G, K–N, 0.1 mm; J, 0.5 mm.

Figure 6. A–I, Monotheca togata. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 6. A–I, Monotheca togata. A, stem; B, part of stem showing internodes; C, slightly oblique ventral view of hydrotheca; D, full ventral view of hydrotheca, both views showing twin lateral nematothecae; E, apophysis of stem with proximal hydrocladium; F, gonotheca; G, cauline nematotheca; H, median inferior nematotheca; I, one of twin lateral nematothecae. Scale bar: A, F, 1 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C–I, 0.1 mm.

Figure 4. A–E, Monotheca obliqua. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 4. A–E, Monotheca obliqua. A, part of stem; B, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; C, female gonotheca; D, twin lateral nematothecae; E, axillar nematotheca and hydrostatic pore. Scale bar: A, C, 1 mm; B, 0.2 mm; D, E, 0.1 mm. F–L, Monotheca pulchella. F, part of stem; G, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; H, female gonothotheca with ova; I, anterior view of gonothecal aperture with internal lobate submarginal cusps. J, median inferior hydrocladial nematotheca. K, one of twin lateral nematothecae. L, axillar nematothecae. Scale bar: A,C, 1 mm.; B, 0.2 mm; F, H, 0.5 mm; D–E, I–L, 0.1 mm.

Figure 5. A–G, Monotheca spinulosa. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 5. A–G, Monotheca spinulosa. A, part of stem; B, hydrocladium with short terminal spine; C, hydrocladium with long terminal spine; D, female gonotheca with ova; E, two views of twin lateral nematothecae; F, axillar nematotheca; G, median inferior nematotheca. Scale bar: A, 0.3 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm; D,1 mm; E–H, 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Pheretima monotheca

Fig. 6. The Bayesian tree of concatenated sequences (partial COI and ITS1) for jellyfish species which was rooted with Rhopilema hispidum. The tree denotes separation of Cyanea species into different groups (Cyanea Group I + II and III). Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values of Neighbour Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively.

Fig. 4. The partial 16S in Pheretima monotheca

Fig. 4. The partial 16S mtDNA sequence Bayesian tree for jellyfish species which denotes major clades. The tree was rooted with outgroup Cubozoa. Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values of Neighbour Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively.

Fig. 2 in Pheretima monotheca

Fig. 2. The partial COI mtDNA sequence Bayesian tree of jellyfish species denoting the major clades. Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values for Neighbour Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively. The tree was rooted with outgroups Anthozoa (Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea cavernosa) and Hydrozoa (Hydra sp.).

Fig. 1 in Pheretima monotheca

Fig. 1. Jellyfish species collected in Malaysian waters. Cubozoan jellyfish; Morbakka sp. (a), Chiropsoides buitendijki (b); Scyphozoan jellyfish; Acromitus flagellatus (c), Catostylus townsendi (d), Cephea cephea (e), Chrysaora chinensis (f), Cyanea sp. (g), Lobonemoides robustus (h), Mastigias sp. (i), Phyllorhiza punctata (j), Rhopilema hispidum (k) and Rhopilema esculentum (l).

FIGURES 47–50. Macrurohelea sirii n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 47–50. Macrurohelea sirii n. sp. Holotype male, 47–48. Macrurohelea ventanensis n. sp. Holotype male, 49–50. 47, 49 parameres. 48, 50 aedeagus.

FIGURES 37–42. Macrurohelea bassoi n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 37–42. Macrurohelea bassoi n. sp. Holotype male, 37–38. Macrurohelea donatoi n. sp. Holotype male, 39–40. Macrurohelea kuscheli Wirth, male, 41–42. 37, 39, 41 parameres. 38, 40, 42 aedeagus.

FIGURES 22–25. Macrurohelea morenoi n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 22–25. Macrurohelea morenoi n. sp. Holotype male. 22, head. 23 thorax. 24 wing. 25 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 33–36. Macrurohelea ventanensis n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 33–36. Macrurohelea ventanensis n. sp. Holotype male. 33 head. 34 thorax. 35 wing. 36 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 26–32. Macrurohelea sirii n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 26–32. Macrurohelea sirii n. sp. Allotype female, 26–29. Holotype male, 30–32. 26, 30 head. 27 thorax. 28, 31 wing. 29 tip of abdomen. 32 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 1–7. Macrurohelea bassoi n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Macrurohelea bassoi n. sp. Allotype female, 1–4. Holotype male, 5–7. 1, 5 head. 2 thorax. 3, 6 wing. 4 tip of abdomen. 7 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 15–21 in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 15–21. Macrurohelea kuscheli Wirth, male, 15–18. Macrurohelea monotheca Spinelli & Grogan, male, 19–21. 15, 19 head. 16 thorax. 17, 20 wing. 18-21 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 8–14. Macrurohelea donatoi n in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 8–14. Macrurohelea donatoi n. sp. Allotype female, 8–11. Holotype male, 12–14. 8, 12 head. 9 thorax. 10, 13 wing. 11 tip of abdomen. 14 genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 43–46 in Five new species in the predaceous midge genus Macrurohelea Ingram & Macfie from Argentina, and descriptions of the previously unknown males of M. kuscheli Wirth and M. monotheca Spinelli & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

FIGURES 43–46. Macrurohelea monotheca Spinelli & Grogan, male, 43–44. Macrurohelea morenoi n. sp. Holotype male, 45–46. 43, 45 parameres. 44, 46 aedeagus.

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Fig. 3 in Pheretima monotheca

Fig. 3. The partial COI mtDNA sequence Bayesian tree of box jellyfish species denoting the Carukiidae clade. Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values for Neighbour Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively.