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37 results for “Morphogen”
Robustness of the Dorsal morphogen gradient with respect to morphogen dosage
In multicellular organisms, the timing and placement of gene expression in a developing tissue assigns the fate of each cell in the embryo in order for a uniform field of cells to differentiate into a reproducible pattern of organs and tissues. This positional information is often achieved through the action of spatial gradients of morphogens. Spatial patterns of gene expression are paradoxically robust to variations in morphogen dosage, given that, by definition, gene expression must be sensitive to morphogen concentration. In this work we investigate the robustness of the Dorsal/NF-κB signaling module with respect to perturbations to the dosage of maternally-expressed dorsal mRNA. The Dorsal morphogen gradient patterns the dorsal-ventral axis of the early Drosophila embryo, and we found that an empirical description of the Dorsal gradient is highly sensitive to maternal dorsal dosage. In contrast, we found experimentally that gene expression patterns are highly robust. Although the components of this signaling module have been characterized in detail, how their function is integrated to produce robust gene expression patterns to variations in the dorsal maternal dosage is still unclear. Therefore, we analyzed a mechanistic model of the Dorsal signaling module and found that Cactus, a cytoplasmic inhibitor for Dorsal, must be present in the nucleus for the system to be robust. Furthermore, active Toll, the receptor that dissociates Cactus from Dorsal, must be saturated. Finally, the vast majority of robust descriptions of the system require facilitated diffusion of Dorsal by Cactus. Each of these three recently-discovered mechanisms of the Dorsal module are critical for robustness. These mechanisms synergistically contribute to changing the amplitude and shape of the active Dorsal gradient, which is required for robust gene expression. Our work highlights the need for quantitative understanding of biophysical mechanisms of morphogen gradients in order to understand emergent phenotypes, such as robustness.
Robustness of the Dorsal morphogen gradient with respect to morphogen dosage
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FIGURE 2 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 2. Morphology of Nisada stipitata. A. Macroscopic view of partially covered rock (black portion). B. Macroscopic view of strip of biofilm on rock. C. (tv) Pseudofilament apices in fluorescent microscopy. D. (tv) Edge of biofilm with pseudofilaments in a row. E. (tv) Apices of morph 2 before cell division (single arrow) and after division but before separation (double arrow). F. With dying filaments of Kyrthuthrix cf. maculans. G. (tv) Colonial mucilage (single arrow); apices of morphs 1 and 2 and (lv) two morphs 2 (double arrows). H. (tv) Apices of morph 1 with a few pseudofilaments in lv (arrow heads); pad of a complete pseudofilament (white arrow) and colonial mucilage (black arrow). I. (lv) Pseudofilament of morph1 with developed stipe and cups; "horns" (sheath) with synchronous growth (arrows). Daughter much larger than mother cell.J. (lv) Pseudofilament of morph 1 without pad (base of stipe, arrow). K. (lv) Pseudofilament of morph 1 showing "horns" (sheath) with asynchronous growth (arrows). L, M. Diversity of morphology of morph 1. Micrographs D–M with light microscopy. tv = top view, lv = lateral view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B = 200 μm, C = 25 μm, D–H, J, L = 6 μm I, K, M = 3 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 1. San Agustín Bay, state of Oaxaca, México. A. Map showing location of collection site. B. Panoramic photograph of the supralittoral zone of the site.
FIGURE 4 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 4. (lv) Line drawings of Nisada stipitata. A. Edge of biofilm with pseudofilaments in a row. B. Complete pseudofilament of morph 1. C. Complete pseudofilament of morph 2. Ps = pseudofilament sheath, dc = daughter cell, c = cup, mc = mother cell, st = stipe,
FIGURE 3 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 3. Stages of reproduction of Nisada stipitata in lateral view. A. (lv) Two pseudofilaments of morph 1 with and without cell division; perpendicular plane of division evident in left pseudofilament. B. Two-celled pseudofilament of morph 1 with beginning of perpendicular cell division of the daughter cell (top arrow); displaced basal/mother cell allowing partial view of the inside of the cup (bottom arrow). C. (lv) Two pseudofilaments of morph 1. Three-celled pseudofilament with fracture (arrow). D. (lv) Complete pseudofilament of morph 2 with division of daughter cell. E, F. Diversity of stages of the life cycle of morph 1. Pseudofilaments with all or some of the differentiated mucilaginous structures. Basal cell with incipient cup (arrow). G. (lv) Empty cups/stipes set in the colonial mucilage (arrows). H. (lv) Basal cells with different degrees of development, set in colonial mucilage. Scale bars: A–E = 3 μm, F–H = 6 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 6. Line drawing of life cycle of morph 2
FIGURE 5 in Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
FIGURE 5. Line drawing of life cycle of morph 1.
Incisional Vacuum Assisted Closure (IVAC) Device and Its Effect on Implanted Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP-2)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00829621. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
The function of morphogen Indian Hedgehog in the colon
GEO Series GSE103024. Mus musculus. 8 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Morphogen Stimulated Endocytic Recycling Drives Cytoneme Loading for Mammalian Tissue Patterning
GEO Series GSE242161. Mus musculus. 17 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Modelling rostro-caudal neural tube regionalization from human embryonic stem cells with a microfluidic morphogenic gradient
GEO Series GSE135399. Homo sapiens. 10 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Cell-specific neuropathology and multiple morphogenic mechanisms in 3D human-derived tissue
GEO Series GSE184878. Homo sapiens. 7 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
A microfluidic platform for anterior-posterior human endoderm patterning via countervailing morphogen gradients in vitro
GEO Series GSE285075. Homo sapiens. 1 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Digit patterning is controlled by a Bmp-Sox9-Wnt Turing network modulated by morphogen gradients
GEO Series GSE58158. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
HDAC1 paces the temporal expression of morphogenic genes during axolotl limb regeneration
GEO Series GSE157716. Ambystoma mexicanum. 20 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Recording morphogen signals reveals mechanisms underlying gastruloid symmetry breaking
GEO Series GSE274389. Mus musculus. 3 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Gene expression profile of neighboring cells of cells with unfit Wnt morphogen gradient during cell competition
GEO Series GSE254439. Danio rerio. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Epigenomic analysis of micro-dissected human liver reveals principles of zonated morphogenic and metabolic control
GEO Series GSE105127. Homo sapiens. 114 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing.
3D reconstruction of the mouse cochlea from scRNA-seq data suggests morphogen-based principles in apex-to-base specification
GEO Series GSE202588. Mus musculus. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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