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416 results for “Morphological Change”
Red knot occurrence, prey density, island morphology, and climate change in the Virginia Barrier Islands (2009-2023)
Global climate change is reshaping dynamic coastal ecosystems, with uncertain consequences for migratory shorebirds such as the federally threatened red knot (Calidris canutus rufa) that rely on coastal staging sites during migration. Understanding how sea-level rise and changing climate drivers affect red knot foraging ecology is critical for informing conservation and management at coastal staging sites. We integrated long-term biological, geomorphological, and climatological data to examine the direct and indirect pathways influencing red knots and their prey at intertidal foraging sites on the Virginia Barrier Islands during spring migration (May 21 - 28, 2009-2023). Using piecewise structural equation modeling, we tested hypothesized two causal networks linking 1) red knot occurrence and 2) densities of their main invertebrate prey to habitat characteristics, island morphology, geomorphic change, and climate drivers of ecosystem change. Red knots were indirectly affected by geomorphic change and climate drivers through bottom-up effects on invertebrate communities mediated by island morphology. Accelerated shoreline change narrowed islands, reducing invertebrate density and richness and indirectly decreasing red knot occurrence. Storms interacted with global climate oscillations to drive erosion or accretion of beaches, with variable effects on invertebrate density and red knot occurrence. Invertebrate responses were taxon-specific: shoreline change directly increased blue mussel density but indirectly reduced coquina clam and crustacean densities by narrowing island width, while storms impacts on crustacean density were mediated by beach width. Our findings suggest that accelerated ecosystem change under future climate scenarios may alter foraging conditions for red knots and other migratory shorebirds in the Virginia Barrier Islands, with broader implications for long-term population resilience.
Leaf litter quality induces morphological changes in wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) metamorphs, Oakland University Biological Preserve (MI, USA) 2010.
For organisms that exhibit complex life cycles, resource conditions experienced by individuals before metamorphosis can strongly affect phenotypes later in life. Such resource-induced effects are known to arise from variation in resource quantity, yet little is known regarding effects stemming from variation in resource quality (e.g., chemistry). For larval anurans, we hypothesized that variation in resource quality will induce a gradient of effects on metamorph morphology. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated resource quality by rearing larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) under 11 leaf litter treatments. The litter species represented plant species found in open- and closed-canopy wetlands and included many plant species of current conservation concern (e.g., green ash, common reed). Consistent with our hypothesis, we found a gradient of responses for nearly all mass-adjusted morphological dimensions. Hindlimb dimensions and gut mass were positively associated with litter nutrient content and decomposition rate. In contrast, forelimb length and head width were positively associated with concentrations of phenolic acids and dissolved organic carbon. Limb lengths and widths were positively related with the duration of larval period, and we discuss possible hormonal mechanisms underlying this relationship. There were very few, broad differences in morphological traits of metamorphs between open- and closed-canopy litter species or between litter and no-litter treatments. This suggests that the effects of litter on metamorph morphology are litter species-specific, indicating that the effects of changing plant community structure in and around wetlands will largely depend on plant species composition.
Predator- and competitor-induced plasticity: How changes in foraging morphology affect phenotypic trade-offs.
Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently demonstrate functional trade-offs between alternative phenotypes by documenting environment-specific costs and benefits. However, the functional mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are often unknown. For example, predator-induced traits typically provide superior predator resistance but slower growth, while competitor-induced traits provide better growth but inferior predator resistance. While the mechanisms underlying predator resistance have been identified, the mechanisms underlying differential growth have remained elusive. To determine whether competitor and predator environments affect individual growth by induced changes in foraging morphology, we raised wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) under a factorial combination of competitors and predators and assessed changes in mouthparts that might affect growth. In general, competitors induced relatively larger oral discs, wider beaks, and longer tooth rows, while predators induced relatively smaller oral discs, narrower beaks, and shorter tooth rows. These effects were interactive; the largest competitor-induced responses occurred under high predator density and the largest predator-induced responses occurred under low competition. Further, one of the tooth rows that commonly appeared under low predation risk was frequently absent under high predation risk. These discoveries suggest that predator and competitor environments can have profound effects on prey foraging structures and that these effects set up growth trade-offs between phenotypes that favor the evolution of phenotypically plastic responses.
Fluorescent Microglia Images for Analyzing Morphological Changes due to Injury Duration in the Ischemic Rat Brain
<p>The image data included in this dataset are the confocal microscope images (converted from original .nd2 file to .tiff form) used for the publication: Joseph, A., Liao, R., Zhang, M., Helmbrecht, H., McKenna, M., Filteau, J. R., & Nance, E. (2020). Nanoparticle-microglial interaction in the ischemic brain is modulated by injury duration and treatment. <em>Bioengineering & translational medicine</em>, <em>5</em>(3), e10175. https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10175</p> <p>The data is organized by brain slice number, region, and image number. There is also an included excel file 'datadescriptions.xlsx' that provides more information about the metadata of the dataset. </p> <p> </p> <p>The data was procured and processed by the Disease Directed Engineering Lab, PI: Elizabeth Nance, at the University of Washington.</p>
Replication R code and data for "Geometric morphometric investigation of craniofacial morphological change in domesticated silver foxes"
<p>This repository holds various files and R code used in the publication of the manuscript entitled "Geometric morphometric investigation of craniofacial morphological change in domesticated silver foxes".</p> <p>Data files include: The 3D landmark coordinates of each individual specimen (Fox_data_Morphologika.txt), the linear measurement data associated with those foxes (fox_linear_volume_data.csv), and replication data measurements. </p> <p>The following files include the R code used to perform the analyses contained within the paper:</p> <p>1_Procrustes_analysis - details the Geometric morphometrics analyses performed</p> <p>2_linear_models - details the model specification for the GLS models employed in the paper</p> <p>3_graph_code - contains R script for the creation of the graphs displayed in the paper</p> <p>4_repeatability_script - contains R code that details the statistical calculations made with the repeatability measurements indicated above. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 24 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 24. Internal views of juvenile specimens of Bennelongia gwelupensis. Top row. internal views of A-2 juveniles from Arro Swamp (LV on left and RV on right with appendages). Second row. details of internal views of anterior RV (tilted) of A-1 specimen from Katanning Road pool on left, and A-2 on right which is the same specimen as the image above, but tilted. Third row. internal views of A-1 juveniles from Katanning Road pool (LV on left and RV on right); same specimen as detail left above. Bottom row.detail of internal views of RV on left and of LV on right; both are the same A-1 specimens as the images above, to show that the pores on the cones connect with the inside of the valve.
Fig. 22 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 22. External views of carapaces of Bennelongia gwelupensis Martens et al., 2012 from Arro Swamp. Right lateral views in left column for adult, A-1 and A-2 specimens, and dorsal views on the right of A-1 and A-2 specimens. Note that the ornamentation becomes progressively more intricate at younger stages.
Fig. 20 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 20. Lateral views of carapaces of Bennelongia dedeckkeri Shearn et al., 2012 from Lake Dunn for the last 3 instars (A-3 to A-1) to show the changes in external ornamentation and the progressive disappearance of the domes and cones with ontogeny. Right lateral views are displayed in the top 3 left images, and left lateral views on the right. Details of the cones (bottom left) and the domes with fewer cones (bottom right) of A-3 specimens are portrayed. Note the presence of nodules stuck to the anterior portion of the valve of bottom left specimen.
Fig. 23 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 23. External views of Bennelongia gwelupensis Martens et al., 2012 from Katanning Road pool, except for the middle image on the right which shows an internal view of a LV. Top left image represents the right lateral view of an adult carapace, with the antero-ventral beak-like expansion of the LV. In the internal view of the A-1 LV, note the depressions seen internally that mirror the cones that occur externally. A prominent inner list is visible all along the periphery of the valve, except in the dorsal region. This latter feature is usually not seen in juveniles ostracods.
Fig. 21 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 21. Detailed views of carapaces of Bennelongia dedeckkeri Shearn et al., 2012 from Lake Dunn to show the domes in both images and 4 cones in the top image of an A-3 specimen, and only one cone in the image of an A-4 specimen. Note the interlacing reticulation around the domes, and the small nodes coating the valves, with 2 different diameters best seen to the right of the largest dome. These nodules are thought to be part of the valve ornamentation.
Fig. 18 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 18. Specimens of Bennelongia cf. barangaroo nov. sp. from McNeil Claypan, to show specific features of juvenile specimens. Top left image shows the poorly pronounced domes in the dorsal region of the LV of an A-3 specimen. Top right image shows an internal view of an A-3 that shows the less pronounced inner list and the depression located opposite the cones and the possible larger depression matching the external dome. The middle images show the cones with the lips near their apex. Bottom left image shows the larger pores on the inside of the valve, that are connected to the opening of each pore on the apex of each cone. Bottom right corner image shows the highly reticulated texture of an A-3 valve and the domes that are not as pronounced as in other Bennelongia species (e.g., compare to B. nimala nov. sp. in Fig. 3).
Fig. 14 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 14. Bennelongia kimberleyensis Martens et al., 2012 from Taylor's Lagoon. Lateral views of carapaces of different moult stages going from adult to A-3 specimens, plus a lateral view of a single LV of an A-4 specimen (bottom image) that is partly broken along its anterior margin. Top left image represents an adult showing the asymmetric valves, with the antero-ventral beak-like expansion of the LV that is the characteristic of most Bennelongia species in the adult stage. Right lateral views are in the left column, left lateral views are in right column. Note that the pseudo-punctation is more pronounced in the youngest stages compared to the almost smooth nature of the adult valve.
Fig. 19 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 19. Dorsal views of carapaces of Bennelongia dedeckkeri Shearn et al., 2012 from Lake Dunn (Queensland) for the last 4 instars (A-4 to A-1) and the adult to show the changes in external ornamentation and the progressive disappearance of the domes and cones with ontogeny, such that at the adult stage, there is no ornamentation. Observe the presence of outer lists in all juvenile specimens clearly visible in the antero-dorsal region.
Fig. 16 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 16. Lateral views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. barangaroo nov. sp. from McNeil Claypan. Left column displays carapace in right lateral view, right column shows carapaces in left lateral view. Note the pronounced asymmetry between the adult valves and the less-pronounced beak-like feature of the anteroventral region of the adult LV. Pseudo-punctation is more pronounced in the younger instars and the domes and cones are only clearly visible in A-3 specimens, although remnants remain in the last two juvenile stages.
Fig. 17 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 17. Dorsal views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. barangaroo nov. sp. from McNeil Claypan. Observe the coarse reticulation in A-3 specimens and the pseudo-punctuation that becomes less visible with progressing ontogeny. The adult specimen in top left image displays some agglomeration of glue along the hinge, particularly in the anterior and posterior regions.
Fig. 13 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 13. Bennelongia kimberleyensis Martens et al., 2012 from Taylor's Lagoon. Dorsal views of carapaces of different moult stages going from adult to A-4. Note the highly ornamented A-4 carapace with at least 2 sets of domes (and prominent cones) that are still visible in A-3, and not visible in the other stages. Only a few cones are seen in the A-1 specimen, and no ornamentation is visible in the adult specimen.
Fig. 8 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 8. External views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake, showing left valves in order to compare the ornamentation between an A-2 specimen (top) and A-3 specimen (bottom). The circles, ellipses and polygons are used to define the ornamentations that are common to both specimens. The arrows indicate a clear depression, postero-dorsally to each dome, that are linked by a white line.
Fig. 6 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 6. Details of external views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake. Top left. anterior margin of A-2 carapace in left lateral view, showing the arrangement of the radial pores and their setae. Top right. enlargement of the cone of A-3 valve, showing the fine seta near its top. Bottom left. ventral view of the two valves, showing the radial pores and setae as well as the very fine and narrow external flange in both valves, but more pronounced in the RV seen on the left here. Note also that claws of some limbs are protruding from the closed valves. Bottom right. enlargement of cone and associated lip and protruding seta of an A-3 specimen. Note the presence of fine particulate material stuck to the valve.
Fig. 5 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 5. Details of external lateral views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake. Top left. A-1 showing the dome and many of the cones with outer lips. Note the large pseudo-pores that are elongated over what appears to be a second protuberance. Top right. A-2 showing the cones with the outer lips at their apex. Many of the pores yield a seta. Bottom. RV of A-2 in dorsal view, showing the assemblage of cones with outer lips and the dome, on top of which a seta occurs. Note the hinge at the bottom.
Fig. 7 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)
Fig. 7. External views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake, showing left valves in order to compare the ornamentation between an A-1 specimen (top) and A-2 specimen (bottom). The arrows indicate a clear depression postero-dorsally to each dome, that are linked by a white line.
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