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12 results for “Multifunctional forests”
Data: Managing European Alpine forests with close-to-nature forestry to improve climate change mitigation and multifunctionality
<p><strong>The repository contains the data supporting the findings of the study: <em>Managing European Alpine forests with close-to-nature forestry to improve climate change mitigation and multifunctionality</em></strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Close-to-nature forestry (CNF) has a long tradition in European Alpine forest management, playing a crucial role in ensuring the continuous provision of biodiversity and forest ecosystem services, including protection against natural hazards. However, climate change is causing huge uncertainties about the future applicability of CNF in the Alpine region. The question arises as to whether current CNF practices are still suitable for adapting forests to climate change impacts while also meeting the increasing societal demands regarding Alpine forests, including their potential contribution to climate change mitigation.</p> <p>To answer this question, we simulated forest development using the ForClim forest model at two Alpine study sites, together representing a large biogeographic gradient from high-elevation inner Alpine forests (Switzerland) to lower-elevation south-eastern Alpine forests (Slovenia). The simulations considered three climate scenarios (historical climate, SSP2‑4.5 and SSP5-8.5) and six alternative management strategies, including both current CNF management practices and climate-adapted versions. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis framework, we assessed the joint impacts of climate and management on biodiversity and key ecosystem services of the investigated regions, including carbon sequestration (CS) inside and outside the forest ecosystem boundary. </p> <p>The joint effects of climate change and CNF varied, both among and within the study sites along the biogeographical gradient. While CS was more resistant to climate change under current CNF at the south-eastern Alpine site, it was more sensitive at the inner Alpine site, where CS potentials decreased at lower elevations. This adverse effect could be partly mitigated by fostering the use of climate-adapted tree species. However, current CNF and adaptations of it did not meet multiple management objectives equally well: while protection from gravitation hazards and timber production also benefited from this silvicultural practice, biodiversity benefited from CNF variants with low-intensity or no management. </p> <p>In conclusion, CNF has a high potential to continue fulfilling its crucial role in European Alpine forests. A differentiated approach will be needed in the future, however, to identify forest stands where adaptive measures are required, especially at sites particularly vulnerable to climate change. In combination with less intensively managed or unmanaged areas, CNF provides a management portfolio that will help European Alpine forests to meet the demands of future society.</p> <p><strong>Data:</strong></p> <p>There is one folder for each case study, including: </p> <ul> <li>simulated biodiverstiy and ecosystem service indicators</li> <li>forest stand metadata</li> <li>normlized utility values for indicators</li> <li>partial utility values for biodiversity and ecosystem service groups</li> </ul> <p>This study was conducted as part of the <strong>ONEforest project</strong>, which received funding from the <strong>European Union's Horizon 2020</strong> research and innovation programme under the <strong>grant agreement Nº 101000406</strong>.</p>
Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the positive effects of local scale (α-diversity) biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are widely accepted, species turnover across communities (β-diversity) which is often an important driver of ecosystem functioning did not receive the same attention. This study broadens the understanding of how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both averaging and modified multiple thresholds (50%, 70% and 90%) approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the optimal patterns of multifunctionality and biodiversity along the latitude. Using variance decomposition, structural equation modeling and linear mixed models, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results show that multifunctionality decreased with increasing latitude, mirroring the pattern of tree diversity along latitudinal gradients. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity emerged as crucial diversity indices for sustaining multifunctionality in these temperate forests. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by tree diversity. Environmental heterogeneity played a pivotal role in maintaining high levels of multifunctionality, exerting influence both directly and indirectly via phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
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Soil microfauna mediate multifunctionality under multilevel warming in a primary forest
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Data from: Testing the ectomycorrhizal dominance hypothesis for ecosystem multifunctionality in a subtropical mountain forest
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Above- and below-ground biodiversity jointly regulate temperate forest multifunctionality along a local-scale environmental gradient
<p><span>1. Tree diversity has been shown to promote a broad range of ecosystem functions in forests. However, how important these effects are in driving ecosystem multifunctionality in natural forests, relative to other drivers, such as below-ground biodiversity (e.g., soil microbial diversity), community-level functional traits and environmental conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, we hypothesise that tree species or phylogenetic diversity, stand structure, functional traits and soil microbial diversity jointly regulate temperate forest multifunctionality along a local-scale environmental gradient.</span></p> <p><span>2. Using repeated census data from a 25-ha old-growth temperate forest, we first quantified eight ecosystem functions and properties related to above- and below-ground nutrient cycling. We then used these to estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both an averaging and multiple thresholds (50, 75, and 95%) approaches. Finally, we used structural equation models to explore how different facets of tree (tree species, functional and phylogenetic diversity) and soil (bacteria, fungi, and nematode diversity) biodiversity influence ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as how these relationships are modulated by stand structural attributes and environmental conditions (topography and soil nutrients).</span></p> <p><span>3. Forest multifunctionality was positively related to stand structural complexity but negatively related to acquisitive traits (i.e. community-weighted mean of specific leaf area). Plant phylogenetic diversity had no significant direct effect on forest multifunctionality, but it had a significant indirect effect via increased stand structural complexity. The effect of soil microbial diversity on forest multifunctionality increased with increasing threshold levels of forest multifunctionality and outperformed tree diversity and environmental conditions at the highest threshold level (i.e. 95%). Forests on steep slopes had lower levels of ecosystem multifunctionality due to decreased stand structural complexity. Soil nutrients were responsible for regulating forest multifunctionality via plant trait composition and, to a lesser extent, via tree diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity.</span></p> <p><span>4. <i>Synthesis</i>: Plant phylogenetic diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity jointly regulated forest multifunctionality, and these effects were influenced by local-scale changes in environmental conditions. Soil microbial diversity was a key driver of highly multifunctional forests, whereas conservation of complex stand structure and conservative trait dominance could enhance mean values of multiple functions.</span></p> <p><span>1. Tree diversity has been shown to promote a broad range of ecosystem functions in forests. However, how important these effects are in driving ecosystem multifunctionality in natural forests, relative to other drivers, such as below-ground biodiversity (e.g., soil microbial diversity), community-level functional traits and environmental conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, we hypothesise that tree species or phylogenetic diversity, stand structure, functional traits and soil microbial diversity jointly regulate temperate forest multifunctionality along a local-scale environmental gradient.</span></p> <p><span>2. Using repeated census data from a 25-ha old-growth temperate forest, we first quantified eight ecosystem functions and properties related to above- and below-ground nutrient cycling. We then used these to estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both an averaging and multiple thresholds (50, 75, and 95%) approaches. Finally, we used structural equation models to explore how different facets of tree (tree species, functional and phylogenetic diversity) and soil (bacteria, fungi, and nematode diversity) biodiversity influence ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as how these relationships are modulated by stand structural attributes and environmental conditions (topography and soil nutrients).</span></p> <p><span>3. Forest multifunctionality was positively related to stand structural complexity but negatively related to acquisitive traits (i.e. community-weighted mean of specific leaf area). Plant phylogenetic diversity had no significant direct effect on forest multifunctionality, but it had a significant indirect effect via increased stand structural complexity. The effect of soil microbial diversity on forest multifunctionality increased with increasing threshold levels of forest multifunctionality and outperformed tree diversity and environmental conditions at the highest threshold level (i.e. 95%). Forests on steep slopes had lower levels of ecosystem multifunctionality due to decreased stand structural complexity. Soil nutrients were responsible for regulating forest multifunctionality via plant trait composition and, to a lesser extent, via tree diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity.</span></p> <p><span>4. <i>Synthesis</i>: Plant phylogenetic diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity jointly regulated forest multifunctionality, and these effects were influenced by local-scale changes in environmental conditions. Soil microbial diversity was a key driver of highly multifunctional forests, whereas conservation of complex stand structure and conservative trait dominance could enhance mean values of multiple functions.</span></p> <p><span>1. Tree diversity has been shown to promote a broad range of ecosystem functions in forests. However, how important these effects are in driving ecosystem multifunctionality in natural forests, relative to other drivers, such as below-ground biodiversity (e.g., soil microbial diversity), community-level functional traits and environmental conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, we hypothesise that tree species or phylogenetic diversity, stand structure, functional traits and soil microbial diversity jointly regulate temperate forest multifunctionality along a local-scale environmental gradient.</span></p> <p><span>2. Using repeated census data from a 25-ha old-growth temperate forest, we first quantified eight ecosystem functions and properties related to above- and below-ground nutrient cycling. We then used these to estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both an averaging and multiple thresholds (50, 75, and 95%) approaches. Finally, we used structural equation models to explore how different facets of tree (tree species, functional and phylogenetic diversity) and soil (bacteria, fungi, and nematode diversity) biodiversity influence ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as how these relationships are modulated by stand structural attributes and environmental conditions (topography and soil nutrients).</span></p> <p><span>3. Forest multifunctionality was positively related to stand structural complexity but negatively related to acquisitive traits (i.e. community-weighted mean of specific leaf area). Plant phylogenetic diversity had no significant direct effect on forest multifunctionality, but it had a significant indirect effect via increased stand structural complexity. The effect of soil microbial diversity on forest multifunctionality increased with increasing threshold levels of forest multifunctionality and outperformed tree diversity and environmental conditions at the highest threshold level (i.e. 95%). Forests on steep slopes had lower levels of ecosystem multifunctionality due to decreased stand structural complexity. Soil nutrients were responsible for regulating forest multifunctionality via plant trait composition and, to a lesser extent, via tree diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity.</span></p> <p><span>4. <i>Synthesis</i>: Plant phylogenetic diversity, stand structure and soil microbial diversity jointly regulated forest multifunctionality, and these effects were influenced by local-scale changes in environmental conditions. Soil microbial diversity was a key driver of highly multifunctional forests, whereas conservation of complex stand structure and conservative trait dominance could enhance mean values of multiple functions.</span></p>
Multitrophic diversity and biotic associations influence subalpine forest ecosystem multifunctionality
<p>Biodiversity across multiple trophic levels is required to maintain multiple ecosystem functions. Yet, it remains unclear how multitrophic diversity and species interactions regulate ecosystem multifunctionality. Here, combining data from nine different trophic groups (including trees, shrubs, herbs, leaf mites, small mammals, bacteria, pathogenic fungi, saprophytic fungi and symbiotic fungi) and 13 ecosystem functions related to supporting, provisioning and regulating services, we used a multitrophic perspective to evaluate the effects of elevation, diversity and network complexity on scale-dependent subalpine forest multifunctionality. Our results demonstrate that elevation and soil pH significantly modified species composition and richness across multitrophic groups and influenced multiple functions simultaneously. We provide evidence that species richness across multiple trophic groups had stronger effects on multifunctionality than species richness at any single trophic level. Moreover, biotic associations, indicating the complexity of trophic networks, were positively associated with multifunctionality. The relative effects of diversity on multifunctionality increased at the scale of the larger community compared to a scale accounting for neighbouring interactions. Our results highlight the paramount importance of scale- and context- dependent multitrophic diversity and interactions for a better understanding of mountain ecosystem multifunctionality in a changing world.</p>
Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models, and structural equation modeling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.<br>Results: We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are respectively more important for promoting high and moderate threshold multifunctionality (e.g., EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Above- and below-ground biodiversity jointly regulate temperate forest multifunctionality along a local-scale environmental gradient
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Multitrophic diversity and biotic associations influence subalpine forest ecosystem multifunctionality
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Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
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Data from: Ecosystem service multifunctionality of low-productivity forests and implications for conservation and management
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