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FIGURE 21 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 21. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different chronofaunal tiers represented. Numbers within kogaionid silhouettes refer to their respective tiers (see fig. 3). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.
FIGURE 23 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 23. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the sedimentary facies represented, combined with the nature of the kogaionid remains recovered, at the different uppermost Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid sites. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.
FIGURE 22 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 22. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the estimated body sizes of known latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.
FIGURE 20 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 20. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the different kogaionid taxa identified in the uppermost Cretaceous beds of Transylvania. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For color-coding of the taxa, see legend in figure 19.
FIGURE 12 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 12. In situ remains of the referred specimen of Barbatodon transylvanicus, LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui Beds, site PB3, documenting their associated nature. A. Remains of M.1635 as first spotted in the field, July 2002, showing the dentaries and one of the femora exposed on the bed surface by river erosion. B. Closeup from the initial preparation stage of the plaster jacket containing the partial skeleton M.1635, with the fully exposed dentaries and right femur. C. Presence of further postcranial remains revealed within the plaster jacket; boxed area in left center (B) highlights the position of the first discovered remains. Abbreviations: de, dentary; fe, femur; fi, fibula; l, left; r, right.
FIGURE 14 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 14. Isolated kogaionid teeth from the Pui Beds, site PB4. A–C. Isolated left I2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1706, in A. labial, B. distal, and C. mesial views. D–F. Isolated left I3, LPB (FGGUB) M.1670, in D. mesial, E. labial, and F. distal views. Arrows in B, C, and F point to the demarcation line between thicker and thinner enamel cover. G. Isolated left M1, LPB (FGGUB) M.1671, in occlusal view. H. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left M1 in occlusal view, for comparison.
FIGURE 16 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 16. Kogaionid-bearing fossiliferous localities from the Densuș-Ciula Formation, Hațeg Basin. A. The Tuștea-Oltoane nesting locality, corresponding to site DC1; large-scale excavation on the newly created platform, August 1998. B. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele, hosting site DC2; C. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele 2, location of site DC3. D. Ravines north of Livezi with outcrops of uppermost Cretaceous continental beds; in the middle foreground, below the grass cover, is site DC4; E. Limited exposures of the uppermost Cretaceous continental beds north of General Berthelot, locality GB1, with the lower red silty mudstones hosting site DC5.
FIGURE 19 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 19. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different taxa; estimated body sizes taken from figure 18. A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin. Question-mark refers to taxonomical uncertainty concerning the small kogaionid taxon from site RB1, in the Hațeg Basin.
FIGURE 9 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 9. Kogaionid remains from the Sînpetru Formation. A. Close-up of the left upper molars (M1 and M2) of Kogaionon ungureanui (ISER SPT/001), site SP1. B, C. Isolated right M2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1631, of an indeterminate kogaionid, site SP3, occlusal view as B. reflected light stereomicroscopic image; C. SEM image.
FIGURE 18 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 18. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of their estimated body size (see text and figure 2 for identity of the fossiliferous sites marked in red in figures 18–23; see text and tables 4–7 for details of body size estimates). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.
FIGURE 5 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 5. Craniodental morphology of the Kogaionidae. Skull structure in dorsal view (A, B, D, E) and occlusal view of upper dentition (C, F) in different kogaionid genera (skulls and tooth rows, respectively, drawn to the same scale). A, B. Skull of Litovoi tholocephalos, A. Reconstructed, with missing elements (shaded) mirrored from their counterparts, and B. Simplified outline drawing (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). C. Left-side upper dentition of Litovoi tholocephalos (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). D. Skull of Kogaionon ungureanui, simplified outline drawing (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996: Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004). E. Skull of Barbatodon transylvanicus, simplified outline drawing (from Smith and Codrea, 2015). F. Left-side upper dentition of Kogaionon ungureanui, in occlusal view (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996).
FIGURE 3 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 3. Approximate chronostratigraphic distribution of the latest Cretaceous kogaionid occurrences from the Transylvanian area (red stars), alongside other important fossil sites (gray stars) using the biochronofaunal tier system developed by Csiki-Sava et al. (2016), in the main kogaionid-bearing successions: A, the Sînpetru Formation (SP sites); B, the Râul Mare Beds (RB sites); C, the Pui Beds (PB sites); D, the Densuș-Ciula Formation (DC sites), all in the Hațeg Basin; E, the Rusca Montană Basin (RM sites); F, the southwestern Transylvanian Basin, eastern (left column) and western (right column) outcropping areas (TB sites); dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For kogaionid site abbreviations, see text and figure 2; for other abbreviations, see Csiki-Sava et al. (2016) and Botfalvai et al. (2021). Question mark added in the Râul Mare Beds succession reflects current lack of details as to the relative straigraphic positions of sites RB2 and RB3 (see text).
FIGURE 11 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 11. Isolated kogaionid incisors from the Pui Beds, site PB1. A–E, Isolated left i1, ISER PUI.004, of an indeterminate kogaionid, A. Specimen identified as "ptilodontoid," puncturing-grasping type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997). B. apical, C. labial, D. dorsal, and E. lingual views. F. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left i1 in lingual view, for comparison. G–K, Isolated left I2, ISER PUI.003, of an indeterminate kogaionid, G. Specimen identified as "taeniolabidoid," gnawing type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997), H. apical, I. labial, J. dorsal, and K. lingual views. L. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, right premaxilla with in situ I2–I3 in labial view, for comparison.
FIGURE 8 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 8. Kogaionid-bearing fossiliferous localities from the Hațeg Basin–Sînpetru Formation and potentially correlative units. A. Deposits of the lower section of the Sînpetru Formation exposed on the right side of Sibișel Valley, near site SP2. B. Deposits of the lower section of the Sînpetru Formation exposed on the left side of the Sibișel Valley, in the La Scoabă section hosting site SP3. C. Overview of the Râul Mare Beds cropping out in the bed of the Râul Mare River at Nălaț-Vad locality; site RB2 located roughly in the middle of the riverbed, aligned with the powergrid tower. D. General view of the middle-upper part of the Pui Beds deposits, position of site PB3 located near the small ledge in the middle of the image. E. Excavations at site PB4 (Pui-Micro), in the uppermost section of the Pui Beds. F. Looking for fossils at the newly discovered site PB6 (year 2012), in the upper part of the Pui Beds; the stratigraphically higher site PB4 is located near the small ledge in the right background.
FIGURE 17 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 17. Kogaionid-bearing fossiliferous localities from the Rusca Montană (A) and southwestern Transylvanian (B–F) basins. A. Exposures of uppermost Cretaceous continental beds along Fărcădeana Creek at Negoiu, Lunca Cernii de Sus, eastern Rusca Montană Basin. Hammer marks the position of the fossilfierous bed hosting site RM1. B. Overview of the Oarda de Jos A locality, south of Alba Iulia, on the right side of Sebeș River (in the foreground). The fossiliferous bed hosting site TB1 is located in the upper part of the outcropping succession. C. Strongly tilted beds of the continental Sebeș Formation outcropping at PetreștiArini, covered by flat-lying Quaternary sandy-pebbly deposits and recently created anthropic sediment heaps. D. Red mudstone-dominated part of the basal section of the Sebeș Formation at Petrești-Arini, hosting site TB2. E. Outcrops of the Sebeș Formation at Sebeș-Glod, along the Sebeș River, locality Sebeș-Glod A, with kogaionid site TB3 near the group of people to the left. F. The transitional sequence from the estuarinebrackish uppermost Bozeș Formation (right) to the continental, gray-colored basalmost Sebeș Formation (left, more ochre-colored rocks) at Petrești-Arini, hosting the Black Lens fossiliferous level (site TB4).
FIGURE 13 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 13. Isolated elements of the upper dentition, referred specimen of Barbatodon transylvanicus, LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui Beds, site PB3. A–D. Left P3 in A. lingual, B. occlusal, and C. labial views; D. SEM microphotograph of the occlusal surface. E–G. Right M2 in E. occlusal, and F. lingual views; G. SEM microphotograph of the occlusal surface in slightly laterally oblique view to show relative development of cusps.
FIGURE 15 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 15. Discovery and taphonomy of the holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, specimen LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, Pui Beds, site PB6. A. Excavation conditions at site PB6 (Multi-Bed locality), in the upper part of the Bărbat River succession of the Pui Beds; members of the Romanian-American-UK team building an improvized dam to protect newly exposed tiny fossils (June 2012). B. The braincase of Litovoi tholocephalos (see also fig. 6A–C) shortly after it was salvaged from under flowing water. C. Reconstructed partial quarry map of site PB6 documenting the associated nature of the cranial, dental, and postcranial remains belonging to the holotype individual (see also Csiki-Sava et al., 2018: Supplementary Appendix). The quarry map is a redrawn version of an ad hoc sketch made in June 2014 by one of us (M.V.) during the salvage excavation of the holotype specimen in underwater conditions, with the already prepared individual elements subsequently overlaid.
FIGURE 7. Morphological and size disparity within the latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionids. A–E in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 7. Morphological and size disparity within the latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionids. A–E. First upper molars (M1), in occlusal view, drawn to the same scale. A. Barbatodon oardaensis, right M1 UBB ODAN-Mt-13, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014).B. Small kogaionid (Kogaionon n. sp. or Barbatodon oardaensis; see text for details), left M1 UBB (specimen number not available), Totești-baraj (site RB1), Hațeg Basin (from Codrea et al., 2002). C. Indeterminate kogaionid (?Kogaionon n. sp. in Csiki and Grigorescu, 2002), left M1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1624, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin (see Csiki and Grigorescu, 2002). D. Kogaionon ungureanui, left M1 ISER SPT/001 (P4 marks preceding last premolar), Sânpetru (site SP1), Hațeg Basin. E. Barbatodon transylvanicus, right M1 UBB P-Mt3-4, Pui (site PB5), Hațeg Basin (from Solomon et al., 2016). F–J. First lower molars (m1), in occlusal view, drawn to the same scale. F. Barbatodon transylvanicus, right m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui (site PB3), Hațeg Basin. G. Indeterminate kogaionid (Hainina sp. B in Csiki and Grigorescu, 2000), right m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1613, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin. H. Indeterminate kogaionid (Barbatodon n. sp. or Barbatodon oardaensis; see text for details), left m1 UBB TBM V.442, NălațVad (site RB2), Hațeg Basin (from Smith et al., 2002). I. Barbatodon oardaensis, left m1 UBB ODAN-Mt-15, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014). J. Indeterminate kogaionid, left m1 LPB (FGGUB) M.1618, Fântânele, Vălioara (site DC2), Hațeg Basin. K–O. Ultimate lower premolars (p4), labial view, drawn to the same scale. K. Indeterminate kogaionid, right p4 in dentary fragment MMIRS 655, Petrești-Arini (site TB2), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (see Csiki-Sava et al., 2012). L. Barbatodon oardaensis, left p4 UBB ODAN-Mt-1, Oarda de Jos (site TB1), southwestern Transylvanian Basin (from Codrea et al., 2014). M. Barbatodon oardaensis, right p4 UBB Ng2-01, Negoiu (site RM2), Rusca Montană Basin (from Codrea et al., 2017a). N. Barbatodon transylvanicus, left p4 in dentary LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui (site PB3), Hațeg Basin. O. Barbatodon tran-
FIGURE 2 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 2. Kogaionid-bearing fossil sites (red dots) discussed in this review (see text for details and abbreviations) in the main areas with fossiliferous uppermost Cretaceous continental deposits of the Transylvanian area (in light gray; see fig. 1). A. Kogaionid occurrences from the Hațeg Basin; DC1–7, sites in the DensușCiula Formation; PB1–8, sites in the Pui Beds; RB1–3, sites in the Râul Mare Beds; SP1–4, sites in the Sînpetru Formation. B. Kogaionid sites from the Rusca Montană Basin (RM1–2). C. Kogaionid sites from the southwestern Transylvanian Basin (TB1–5).
FIGURE 6 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)
FIGURE 6. Selected skeletal elements of the holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, one of the most completely known kogaionid individuals from Pui (site PB6), Hațeg Basin (modified and completed from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). A–C, Skull roof, braincase and partial petrosals (specimen M.1700.1) in A. dorsal, B. ventral, and C. occipital views. D. Right premaxilla with red-pigmented, in situ I2 and I3 (specimen M.1700.5) in lateral view. E. Left symphyseal fragment with i1 (specimen M.1700.6) in medial view. F. Composite reconstruction of skull in lateral view, using specimens M.1700.5 (right premaxilla, mirrored), M.1700.2 (left maxilla with in situ P1-M2), and M.1700.1 (braincase and petrosal region). G, H, Composite skull reconstruction based on elements listed above (see F), as well as M.1700.4 (left posterior zygomatic arch), with preserved elements mirrored, in G. dorsal and H. ventral views. I. Left femur (specimen M.1700.19) in posterior view. J. Right femur (specimen M.1700.20) in anterior view.
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