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FIG. 9 in Functional inferences on the long bones of Ischyrictis zibethoides (Blainville, 1841) (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the middle Miocene locality of Sansan (Gers, France)

FIG. 9. — Distal view of the distal epiphysis of the left femur of several species of Mustelidae: Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758) (A), Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) (B), Meles meles (Schreber, 1778) (C), Taxidea taxus (Linnaeus, 1758) (D), and Ischyrictis zibethoides (Blainville, 1841) from Sansan (E), shown at the same size for a better comparison. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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FIG. 4 in Functional inferences on the long bones of Ischyrictis zibethoides (Blainville, 1841) (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the middle Miocene locality of Sansan (Gers, France)

FIG. 4. — Caudal view of the distal epiphysis of the right humerus of several species of Mustelidae: Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758) (A), Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) (B), Meles meles (Schreber, 1778) (C), Taxidea taxus (Linnaeus, 1758) (D), and Ischyrictis zibethoides (Blainville, 1841) from Sansan (E), shown at the same size for a better comparison. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 6 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 6. — Stereo view of the right m1 BAT-5'10.G14.129 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-5: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, occlusal view; D, mesial view; E, distal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 8 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 8. — Bivariate plot of the length (L) and with (W) of the M1 of Neogene martens. The linear regression a' (r2 = 0.73) is defined by relatively hypercarnivorous martens, characterized by short M1 talon and comprise Circamustela spp., and Sinictis. The linear regression b' (r2 = 0.75) is defined by more generalist taxa, characterized by longer M1 talon, comprising Pekania Gray, 1865, Paramartes Kretzoi, 1952 and Martes Pinel, 1792. The values are given in mm. Abbreviations: r2, coefficient of determination. M1s pictures are showed scaled between them. Sources: Zdansky (1924); Viret (1951); Mein (1958); Petter (1976); Schmidt-Kittler (1995); Morlo (1997); Montoya et al. (2011); Wang et al. 2012; Peigné (2012); Samuels & Cavin (2013).

FIG. 3 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 3. — Micro CT-scan reconstruction of the fragmentary cranium BAT-3'10.1246 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A, Ventral view; B, sagittal slice; C, horizontal slice; D, transversal slice. Abbreviations: ac, accessory crest; as, accessory septum; co, cochleae; eam, external auditory meatus; fm, foramen magnum; oc, occipital condyle. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 2 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 2. — Cranium and upper dentition of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A-E, cranium BAT-3'10.1570 (Holotype); A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view of the Micro CT-scan reconstruction; D, rostral view; E, caudal view; F-L, fragmentary cranium BAT-3'11.1041, comprising the muzzle (F-G), a left fragment of the maxillary with a fragmented P3 and a complete P4 (H-I) and an isolated right P4 (J-L); F, dorsal view; G, rostral view; H, buccal view; I, occlusal view; J, buccal view; K, lingual view; L, occlusal view. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 9 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 9. — Bivariate plot of the length (L) and with (W) of the m1 of Neogene martens. The linear regression a' (r2 = 0.37) is defined by relatively hypercarnivorous mustelids, characterized by slender m1 and comprise Circamustela spp., and Sinictis. The linear regression b' (r2 = 0.73) is defined by more generalist taxa, characterized by robust m1 talonid, comprising Pekania Gray, 1865, Paramartes Kretzoi, 1952 and Martes Pinel, 1792. The values are given in mm. Abbreviations: r2, coefficient of determination. Same legend than Figure 6 and m1s pictures are showed scaled between them. Source: Zdansky (1924); Pilgrim (1931); Colbert (1933, 1935); Viret (1951); Kretzoi (1952); Mein (1958); Petter (1963; 1964, 1967); Pons-Moyà (1990); Schmidt-Kittler (1995); Roussiakis (2002); Ghaafar et al. (2004); Montoya et al. (2011); Wang et al. (2012); Peigné (2012); Samuels & Cavin (2013).

FIG. 4 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 4. — Micro CT-scan reconstruction of the fragmentary cranium BAT-3'10.1246 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A-D, the skull and jaw are shown in semitransparent turquoise and the dentition in grayscale; A, rostral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, lateral view; E, upper dentition, occlusal view; F, lower dentition, occlusal view; G-I, left hemimandible; G, buccal view; H, lingual view; I, occlusal view. Scale bars: A-D, 10 mm; E-I, 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 7. — Main comparative material of species of late Miocene martens and marten-like mustelids from Eurasia analysed herein: A, BAT-3'10.1570, micro CTscan reconstruction of the left upper dentition of Circamustela peignei n. sp. (holotype) from Batallones-3, occlusal view; B-D, left hemimandible BAT-3'13.1048 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. (paratype) from Batallones-3; B, buccal view; C, lingual view; D, occlusal view; E, IPS-28086, left M1 of Circamustela dechaseauxi

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Fig. 4 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Winter average monthly temperatures in Kharkiv City in 2007–2009 and 2011 (http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru).

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Fig. 2 in Functional And Phylogenetic Aspect In Modularity Of Palearctic Mustelids (Carnivora, Mustelidae) Mandible

Fig. 2. Distribution of mustelid specimens in the scatterplot of the allometric shape component (Regression Score 1) vs log10-transformed mandible length. Mandible shape changes associated with allometry are shown for zero (average shape, grey outline), minimal and maximal values of the regression scores (with magniFIcation factor 1). Masseteric fossa (landmark 12) is linked with landmarks 6, 8, 13 for the ease of visualization. Species are abbreviated: E. lutris = E; G. gulo = G; M. meles = M; L. lutra = L; Martes: M. martes = 1; M. foina = 2; M. zibellina = 3; M. flavigula = 4; Mustela: M. eversmani = e; M. putorius = p; M. lutreola = l; M. sibirica = s; M. erminea = r; M. nivalis = n.

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Fig. 3 in Functional And Phylogenetic Aspect In Modularity Of Palearctic Mustelids (Carnivora, Mustelidae) Mandible

Fig. 3. Distribution of mustelid specimens in the scatterplot of PLS1 (A): variation within mandibular corpus (Block 1) presented at x-axis, and variation within ramus (Block 2) is at y-axis. Mandible shape changes associated with standard (B and C) and evolutionary (D and E) PLS1 are shown with black outline for extreme values of PLS1 scores. The reference shape is shown as grey outline. MagniFIcation scale factor is 1.5. Species are abbreviated as in FIg. 2.

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Fig. 1 in Functional And Phylogenetic Aspect In Modularity Of Palearctic Mustelids (Carnivora, Mustelidae) Mandible

Fig. 1. The position of landmarks on a mandible outline of Mustela lutreola. A — scheme of landmarks from Romaniuk (2018); the picture of mandible is adapted from Novikov (1956). And the subdivisions into two (B) and three modules (C) with the lowest RV coefficients.

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Figs 1–10 in Identification Of Hungarian Mustelidae And Other Small Carnivores Using Guard Hair Analysis

Figs 1–10. Photographs of small carnivores guard hairs: 1 = pectinate pattern of cuticula (Mustela eversmanni); 2 = diamond petal pattern of cuticula (Lutra lutra); 3 = mosaic pattern of cuticula (Mustela erminea); 4 = regular, close wave pattern of cuticula (Lutra lutra); 5 = unicellular ladder pattern of medulla (Mustela erminea); 6 = scalloped margin of medulla (Mustela erminea); 7 = cloisonné pattern of medulla (Martes foina); 8 = fragmented medulla (Mustela erminea); 9 = cloisonné-like medulla with straight medullar margin and large, oval cells (Vulpes vulpes); 10 =

Fig. 3 in Morphological Differentiation of the Skull in Two Closely-related Mustelid Species (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

Fig. 3. Projections specific (M. putorius and M. eversmanii) morphospace models on first two coordinates E1-E2 and K1-K2.

Fig. 2 in Morphological Differentiation of the Skull in Two Closely-related Mustelid Species (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

Fig. 2. NJ trees of skull measurements in M. putorius and M. eversmanii based on the absolute values of Spearman Rank Order Correlation coefficients from Tables 3-4.

Fig. 1 in Morphological Differentiation of the Skull in Two Closely-related Mustelid Species (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

Fig. 1. Two-species (M. putorius, M. eversmanii) morphospace models: (A) skull size morphospace based on NMDS axes E1, E2, and skull shape morphospace based on NMDS axes K1, K2; (B) three-dimensional joint 'size/shape' diversity morphospace based on principal components PC1-PC3.

Fig. 5 in Morphological Differentiation of the Skull in Two Closely-related Mustelid Species (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

Fig. 5. (A) Allometry of (CbL), the neurocranium length (NcL), the viscerocranium length (VcL) in M. putorius. (B-D) allometry of the postorbital width (PoW), width of auditory bulla (AbW) and the minimal palatal width (MpW) in M. putorius and M. eversmanii. First coordinate of the morphospaces (E1) is a general size factor of the skull.

Fig. 4 in Morphological Differentiation of the Skull in Two Closely-related Mustelid Species (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

Fig. 4. Scatterplots of PC1 vs. PC2 (A) and PC1 vs. PC3 (B) showing the relative positions of the European and steppe polecats and other mustelines species. (C) UPGMA dendrogram of morphological diversity macroparameters based on factor loadings from Table 6: ds, df - dimensionality of the morphospace models, Hs, Hf - entropy, Hds, Hdf - the average entropy, MOs, MOf - the measures of morphosystem organization; abbreviations s and f mark the macroparameters of 'size' diversity and 'shape' diversity of the skull correspondently.