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FIG. 7 in Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) from Apollonia- 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece) and its importance within the Early Pleistocene mammoth evolution in Europe

FIG. 7. — Comparison of the occlusal angle (OA) of various mammoth taxa from various localities in Europe. Data from Van Essen (2011) and obtained from illustrations from Palombo & Ferretti (2005) and Lister et al. (2005).

FIG. 3 in Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) from Apollonia- 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece) and its importance within the Early Pleistocene mammoth evolution in Europe

FIG. 3. — Dental remains of Mammuthus meridionalis vestinus (Azzaroli in Ambrosetti, Azzaroli, Bonadonna & Follieri, 1972) from Apollonia-1: A-C, left M3 fragment (APL-686B) in occlusal (A), buccal (B), and lingual (C) views; D-F, left m3 (APL-687) in occlusal (D), lingual (E), and buccal (F) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 2 in Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) from Apollonia- 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece) and its importance within the Early Pleistocene mammoth evolution in Europe

FIG. 2. — Right maxilla fragment with DP2-DP3 (APL-225) of Mammuthus meridionalis vestinus (Azzaroli in Ambrosetti, Azzaroli, Bonadonna & Follieri, 1972) from Apollonia-1: ventral (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 1. — A in Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) from Apollonia- 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece) and its importance within the Early Pleistocene mammoth evolution in Europe

FIG. 1. — A, Geological map and simplified composite stratigraphic column of the Neogene and Quaternary lithostratigraphic units of Mygdonia Basin, showing the location of Apollonia-1 (map and column modified from Koufos et al. [1995] and Konidaris et al. [2015]); B, hemi-mandible APL-716 in situ; C, m3 APL-687 in situ.

FIG. 11 in Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) from Apollonia- 1 (Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece) and its importance within the Early Pleistocene mammoth evolution in Europe

FIG. 11. — Biochronological and biostratigraphical distribution of Early-early Middle Pleistocene Mammuthus in Europe and chronology of selected localities mentioned in the text (in bold the type localities). Data from references cited in the text.

FIG. 15 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 15. — Bivariate diagram of the metapodial length (MLEN) and robusticity (IDML/MLEN %) comparing Leptobos etruscus Falconer, 1859 and several Eurasian Bison Hamilton Smith, 1827 samples and species: A, metacarpal III+IV; B, metatarsal III+IV. Abbreviation: IDML, greatest mediolateral diameter of inferior aspect of distal epiphysis.

FIG. 14 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 14. — Bivariate diagram of the width of the posterior (DTp) and anterior (DTa) lobe of the m3, comparing several European Bison Hamilton Smith, 1827 samples and species (modified from Made et al. 2017). Bison schoetensacki Freudenberg, 1910 sample includes m3s from Mauer and Süssenborn, Germany.

FIG. 13 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 13. — Bivariate diagram of lower teeth segments (length of the premolar row against length of the molar row), comparing several European Leptobos Rü- timeyer, 1877-1878 and Bison Hamilton Smith, 1827 samples and species.

FIG. 12 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 12. — Bivariate diagram of basal horncore proportions [rostrocaudal (APD) against dorsoventral (DVD) diameter] comparing several European Leptobos Rütimeyer, 1877-1878 and Bison Hamilton Smith, 1827 samples and species. Dashed lines represent regressions of B. schoetensacki (Isernia la Pineta and Mauer) and B. priscus.

FIG. 10 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 10. — Box plots of the body mass (in kg) variation of the local samples of bisons from Mygdonia Basin, based on estimations from (A) the metacarpal III+IV (see Material & Methods) and (B) the M1 occlusal area (following estimation equation by Legendre 1986). Abbreviations: APL, Apollonia-1; TSR, Tsiotra Vryssi; KLT, Kalamoto-2; KRI/KRM, Krimni. For a detailed weight analysis according to age and sex of the Apollonia population see Appendix 4.

FIG. 9 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 9. — Bivariate diagram of the bison metacarpal III+IV proportions (length [MLEN] against distal width [IDML]) from the Mygdonia Basin. Abbreviations: APL, Apollonia-1; TSR, Tsiotra Vryssi; KLT, Kalamoto-2; KRI/KRM, Krimni; R2, Pearson coefficient. The dotted line represents linear regression of the APL sample.

FIG. 6 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 6. — Horncores of Bison cf. degiulii (Masini, Palombo & Rozzi, 2013) from Apollonia-1, Greece:A, B,?left basal female horncore, APL-658, dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; C, D, right young male horncore, APL-310, dorsal (C) and caudal (D) views. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 7. — Metatarsals III+IV of Bison cf. degiulii (Masini, Palombo & Rozzi, 2013) from Apollonia, Greece, dorsal views of: A, right, female metatarsal, APL-192; B, right, female metatarsal, APL-97; C, left, male metatarsal, APL-66; D, left, male metatarsal, APL-194. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 16 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 16. — Plot of metacarpal III+IV (A) and metatarsal III+IV (B) scores on principal components (PC) 1 and 2 obtained from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 8 size-adjusted morphometric variables (following Scott & Barr 2014; see Maniakas & Kostopoulos 2017a). Original raw data. Metapodial measurements: MLEN, maximum length; PAP, proximal epiphysis anteroposterior diameter; PML, proximal epiphysis mediolateral (transverse) diameter; MAP, midshaft (determined using MLEN) anteroposterior diameter; MML, midshaft mediolateral diameter; MVAP, medial trochear verticilli anteroposterior diameter; LVAP, lateral trochlear verticilli anteroposterior diameter; IDML, inferior aspect of distal epiphysis greatest mediolateral diameter; MGSV, Metapodial Global Size Variable (see Scott & Barr 2014).

FIG. 5 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 5. — Partial cranium TSR-161 of Bison cf. degiulii (Masini, Palombo & Rozzi, 2013) from Tsiotra Vryssi, Greece: left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and palatal (C) views; close up of the upper left toothrow in occlusal (E) view and sketch of the P4 occlusal morphology (see descriptions); D, schematic comparison of the lateral premaxilla-nasal contact in TSR-161, L. etruscus, B. priscus, B. bonasus and B. mutus. Abbreviations: pr, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; ns, nasal; a.l., alveolar level. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 4 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 4. — Metacarpal III+IV of Bison cf. degiulii (Masini, Palombo & Rozzi, 2013) from Mygdonia Basin, Greece: A-D, F-I, dorsal views of respectively male and female individuals; E, J, plantar views of respectively a male and a female individual; A, TSR D18-42; B, KRM-1; C, KLT-646; D, E, APL-719; F, TSR F18-55d; G, KRI-25; H, KLT-305; I, J, APL-373. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 3 in Early bison remains from Mygdonia Basin (Northern Greece)

FIG. 3. — Dental remains of Bison cf. degiulii (Masini, Palombo & Rozzi, 2013) from Mygdonia Basin, Greece: A, B, left upper toothrow with dP2-M2, APL-415, buccal (A) and occlusal (B) views; C, D, left upper toothrow with P2-M3, APL-446, buccal (C) and occlusal (D) views; E, F, right mandible with dp3-m1, APL- 420, occlusal (E) and lingual (F) views; G, H, left mandible with p3-m3, KLT-318, occlusal (G) and lingual (H) views; I, J, right mandible with p2-m3, TSR F20-16, occlusal (I) and lingual (J) views; K, left mandible with p4-m3, TSR D20-8, lingual view. Scale bar: 5 cm.