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FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5 | Map of northern South America, showing the distribution of Myloplus nigrolineatus. Black star represent the type locality, black circles the paratypes, yellow the non-types localities, and the gray represents the locality of exemplars used exclusively in the molecular analyses (without voucher in museums).

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Osteology of the head of Myloplus nigrolineatus, INPA 53281, 180.3 mm SL, Manaus, rio Negro nearby Manaus: A. lateral view; B. dorsal view. afo, anterior fontanel; epi, epiotic; eth, lateral ethmoid; fro, frontal; int, interopercle; io, infraorbitals; max, maxillary; mth, mesethmoid; nas, nasal; neu, neural; ope, opercle; oph, orbitosphenoid; par, parietal; pfo, posterior fontanel; pmx, premaxillary; pre, preopercle; psh, parasphenoid; ptr, pterotic; pts, pterosphenoid; qu, quadrate; so, supraorbital; sub, subopercle; sup, supraoccipital; vom, vomer.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Myloplus nigrolineatus, INPA 54773, holotype, 221.9 mm SL, male, lago Tracajá, tributary of rio Juma, ca. 60 km south of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Freshly collected Myloplus nigrolineatus with different color patterns. A. INPA 23312, 182.0 mm SL, female, lago Mabi, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas; B. INPA 53281, 170.7–180.3 mm SL, female, rio Negro nearby Manaus, Amazonas; C. INPA 23446, 160.0 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 15401, Tapajós Itaituba, Pará; D. INPA 46279, 172.3 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 12201 (GenBank accession MG752197), rio Branco, boundary between Caracaraí and Rorainópolis, Roraima; E. INPA 58772, 189.3 mm SL, male, rio Purus, Tapauá, Amazonas; F. INPA 52505, 186.4 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 12329 (MG752209), rio Negro nearby Barcelos, Amazonas.

FIGURE 15 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 15 | Maximum clade credibility tree obtained from 10,000 post-burnin MrBayes trees. Colored dots represent unique mPTP species delimitation clusters (total 48), with posterior probability for each delimitation reported in the corresponding bar plot (right). Dataset comprised 209 dereplicated COI barcodes. The Myloplus aylan samples are highlighted in green, M. sauron in orange, and M. schomburgkii in blue. Holotype of M. aylan and neotype of M. schomburgkii highlighted in bold.

FIGURE 13 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 13 | Geographic variation in Myloplus schomburgkii. Both from the Teles Pires River basin, immediately after capture. A. Female. B. Male. Notice the oval mark on the flank, instead of a vertical bar. Photographed by Renan Condé Pires, not preserved.

FIGURE 11 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 11 | Geographic variation in Myloplus schomburgkii. A. Roraima, Caracaraí municipality, rio Água Boa do Univiní. B. Tapajós River basin. Both recently collected, females, not preserved. Notice, in A, the vertical bar conspicuous across the flank, while in B the bar is conspicuous only dorsally to the lateral line.

FIGURE 12 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 12 | Geographic variation in Myloplus schomburgkii, 202.4 mm SL. Teles Pires River basin. Notice the oval mark on the flank, instead of a vertical bar.

FIGURE 14 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 14 | Illustration of a female from rio Negro basin, provided by Robert H. Schomburgk, in which Jardine in Schomburgk (1841, plate 22) based the original description of Tetragonopterus schomburgkii.

FIGURE 8 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 8 | Myloplus sauron, coloration immediately after capture. A. Male. Notice the faint vertical mark, common during breeding period. B. Mature female. Xingu River basin. Photo by M. H. Sabaj.

FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 9 | Myloplus schomburgkii, INPA 60149, neotype, male, 203.9 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos municipality, rio Negro.

FIGURE 10 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 10 | Myloplus schomburgkii, color pattern immediately after capture. A. INPA 60149, neotype, 203.9 mm SL, male, with second lobe well developed and remarkable breeding coloration.B. INPA 52507, 197.1 mm SL, female. Both from Amazonas, Barcelos municipality, rio Negro.

FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 7 | Myloplus sauron, color pattern in life. Young specimen from Xingu River basin, specimen not preserved.

FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 6 | Myloplus sauron, INPA 40824, holotype, male, 132.8 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Anapu municipality, rio Xingu, downstream from the Tamaracá waterfall.

FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 5 | Sympatric occurrence of Myloplus schomburgkii (left) and M. aylan (right) in rio Água Boa do Univini, tributary of rio Branco. Both specimens are mature males, the specimens has not being preserved.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 4 | Geographic distribution of Myloplus schomburgkii (blue circles; the pink star at rio Negro basin represents the type-locality), M. sauron (red squares; the yellow star at rio Xingu basin represents the type-locality) and M. aylan (purple triangles; the black star at rio Branco basin represents the type-locality).

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 2 | Myloplus aylan, INPA 60150, holotype, male, 213.01 mm SL, Brazil, Roraima, Caracaraí municipality, rio Baraúna, lago do Bento.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 1 | Schematic drawing of Myloplus schomburgkii with the landmarks used in the measurements. 1, anteriormost point of the snout. 2, distal margin of the hypurals. 3, dorsal-fin insertion. 4, pelvic-fin insertion. 5, posteriormost point of the opercle, not including opercular membrane. 6, supraocciptal's base. 7, supraocciptal's distal tip. 8, pectoral-fin insertion. 9, anal-fin insertion. 10, distal tip of the longest dorsal-fin unbranched ray. 11, base of the last dorsal-fin ray. 12, anterior end of the adipose-fin base. 13, pectoral-fin distal tip. 14, pelvic-fin distal tip. 15, distal tip of the longest anal-fin unbranched ray. 16, base of the longest ray of the second anal-fin lobe. 17, distal tip of the longest branched ray of the second anal-fin lobe. 18, distal end of the anterodorsal margin of the adipose fin. 19, posterior end of the adipose-fin base. 20, posterior end of the anal-fin base. 21, point of the dorsal profile of the caudal peduncle in which it is closest to ventral profile. 22, point of the ventral profile of the caudal peduncle in which it is closest to dorsal profile. 23, posteriormost point of the eye. 24, middle of posterior margin of the fourth infraorbital. 25, middle of anterodorsal margin of third infraorbital. 26, middle of posteroventral margin of third infraorbital. 27, internal angle of pre-opercle. 28, dorsalmost point of the eye. 29, ventralmost point of the eye. 30, anteriormost point of the eye. 31, distal end of the premaxilla. 32, point in which the head is wider. 33, point in which the caudal peduncle is wider. The ventral keel count comprises prepelvic spines (prPvSp), postpelvic spines (poPvSp), and the paired spines around anus (bISp).

FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species

FIGURE 3 | Myloplus aylan, coloration immediately after capture. Mature female, lago Uauaçu, Purus River basin. Photographed by Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel.