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Figure 4 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 4. Mesomyzostoma lobus sp. nov. (A) Swollen oral disc of host crinoid Clarkcomanthus albinotus. (B) Oral disc dissected open, revealing coiled gut of host and emerging parts of a specimen or specimens of M. lobus sp. nov. (arrows). (C) Anterior end of holotype showing mouth and anterior gut (arrow) and first chaetiger (arrowhead). (D) Parts of a specimen or specimens live after extraction from the host. (E) Scanning electron micrograph view of a specimen fragment. (F) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the parapodial hook apparatus. Abbreviations: anc, anal cone of crinoid oral disc; ac, acicula; h, hook; m, mouth of crinoid oral disc; ma, manubrium; tr, central trunk from which lobes arise.

Figure 8 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships of the new Mesomyzostoma species: single most parsimonious tree resulting from the combined dataset alignment. Numbers above and below branches indicate support values> 50% obtained in the maximum likelihood (100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates) and maximum parsimony analyses (1000 jackknife replicates), respectively. An asterisk (*) indicates> 95% support for both analyses. There was low support for the relationships among the various Mesomyzostoma species and the maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony results showed some topological differences. Uncorrected pairwise distance percentage values for COI sequences for Mesomyzostoma species from different localities or with obvious divergences are given. These are specimens of M. botulus sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea and Australia, M. cf. reichenspergeri from Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia, M. lanterbecqae from PNG. Unfortunately COI comparisons were not possible between M. katoi (Japan) and M. cf. katoi (PNG) and between Mesomyzostoma B and M. lobus sp. nov. Hypomyzostoma fasciatum was used as outgroup in the analyses, but excluded from the figure.

Figure 7 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 7. Mesomyzostoma leukos sp. nov. (A) Remaining fragment of holotype fixed in formalin (SAM-E3408). (B) Micrograph of a parapodium from the holotype digested in bleach showing acicula and emergent hook. (C) Different view of same chaetal bundle showing acicula, hook and manubrium. Abbreviations: ac, acicula; h, hook; ma, manubrium.

Figure 3 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 3. Mesomyzostoma cf. reichenspergeri (Remscheid 1918). (A) Live specimen revealed when the oral disc was removed from the host. This specimen was partly in the oral disc and partly in the arm coelom. (B) Live specimen being dissected from oral disc. (C) Whole specimen showing five chaetigers and no cirri. (D) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) view of entire individual showing low parapodia and external ciliation. Small arrows show four parapodia from chaetigers 1, 2, 4 and 5 (the third is not visible in the picture). (E) Detailed SEM view of anterior end and first parapodium, showing ciliation. (F) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing acicula. (G) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the hook, replacement hook and acicula. Abbreviations: ac, acicula; c, cloaca; ci, cilia; h, hook; ma, manubrium; od, oral disc of crinoid host; p, parapodium; rh, replacement hook; m, mouth.

Figure 6 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 6. Mesomyzostoma botulus sp. nov. (A) Live adult being dissected from oral disc of host. (B) Juvenile stage with five chaetigers. (C) Juvenile stage with four visible chaetigers and possible everted pharynx. (D) Larger specimens in life, one on left adult holotype (SAM E3964) with possible everted pharynx. One on right paratype (SAM E3409), arrow pointing to emergent chaeta visible via scanning electron micrograph (SEM) in E. (E) SEM view of paratype (SAM E3409) showing only a single visible emergent chaeta. (F) Light micrograph of anterior end of juvenile specimen showing small hooks emerging from the body margin. (G) SEM view of smaller paratype on same stub (SAM E3409) also showing only single visible emergent chaeta on its cylindrical body. (H) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the acicula. (I) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the emergent hook. (J) Detailed SEM view of the single emergent hook of larger paratype on stub SAM E3409. Abbreviations: 1–5 refer to chaetigers; ac, acicula; ch, chaeta; h, hook; ma, manubrium; ph?, everted pharynx?

Figure 1. Mesomyzostoma katoi Okada, 1933 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 1. Mesomyzostoma katoi Okada, 1933. (A) Specimen alive, extracted from a pinnule of the crinoid host, Anneissia japonica. (B) Dorsal view of a complete specimen in life (SAM-E3407), showing the translucent margin. (C) Ventral view of an incomplete specimen in life (SAM-E3407), showing the digestive tube (through the translucent margin) and two chaetigers. (D) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) side view of whole specimen (SIO-BIC A4072) showing the thin body section and the notched margin with small parapodia and the lack of cirri; lateral organs are evident on body margin as small slits. (E) SEM view of a hook emerging from a parapodium. (F) SEM close up of body margin showing lateral organs as small slits. (G) SEM lateral view of the anterior end, showing the mouth and first pair of very inconspicuous parapodia. Abbreviations: 1–5 refer to chaetigers; c, cloaca; ch, chaeta; dt, digestive diverticulae; lo, lateral organs; m, mouth; p, parapodium; pi, pinnule; sv, seminal vesicle; u, uterus.

Figure 2. Mesomyzostoma katoi Okada, 1933 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 2. Mesomyzostoma katoi Okada, 1933. (A) One-micrometre semithin section through body showing the single ventral nerve cord, a ventrolateral parapodium, central gut lumen, lateral gut diverticula spermatogonia/spermatids, spermatocysts and mature sperm in the vas deferens (SIO-BIC A4071). (B) Enlarged region of A showing the parapodium with its emergent hook as well as male reproductive cells. (C) Planktonic larval stage fixed in osmium tetroxide; the larva has two bundles of chaetae and an anterior ciliary ring (not visible). (D) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the parapodial hook apparatus. Abbreviations: ch, chaetae; dt, gut diverticulum; e, epidermis; m, muscle; p, parapodium; g, gut; h, hook; sc, spermatocycts; st, spermatogonia/spermatids; vd, vas deferens; vnc, ventral nerve cord.

Figure 5 in Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida)

Figure 5. Mesomyzostoma okadai sp. nov. (A) Paratype (SIO-BIC A4080) in life. (B) Same specimen still partly inside arm of host crinoid. (C) Posterior end of paratype in A showing chaetigers 4 and 5, posterior cloaca and uterus, both filled with eggs. (D) Anterior end of paratype shown in A showing small first chaetiger, pharynx and digestive diverticulae. (E) Detailed scanning electron micrograph view of anterior margin of paratype (SIO-BIC A4086), showing lateral organs and low parapodia. (F) Micrograph of a parapodium digested in bleach showing the parapodial hook apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–5 refer to chaetigers; ac, acicula; c, cloaca; dt, gut diverticulae. go, arm gonad of host; h, hook; lo, lateral organ; ma, manubrium; pi, pinnule of host; u, uterus; ph, pharynx; m, mouth.

FIGURE 8 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 8. (A–C) Live photographs of Pulvinomyzostomum inaki n. sp.—(A, B) female, (A) dorsal view showing raised ridges, (B) ventral view showing five pairs of parapodia, cirri on body margin, and small dwarf males, abbreviations: males (m); pharynx (p); (C) males, ventral and dorsal views showing extended smooth proboscis and scalloped margin. (D–G) Pulvinomyzostomum messingi n. sp.—(A) live photograph of host, Gephyrocrinus messingi with ophiuroid associate and possible myzostomids on arms, indicated with arrows; (E–G) photographs of fixed samples, (E–F) on host's arms, dorsal view showing ridged surface (E), abbreviation: host pinnule (pi), (G) ventral view, showing acirrate body margin. Scalebars 30 cm (D); 1 mm (E–G); 0.5 mm (C); 0.2 mm (A, B).

FIGURE 5 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 5. (A–D) Live photographs of Myzostoma josefinae n. sp.—(A, B) paratype (SIO-BIC A3829) on host, Psathyrometra fragilis; (C) dorsal view of paratype (SIO-BIC A3829), showing long cirri on body margin and elongate, cylindrical caudal appendages full of oocytes; (D) ventral view of paratype (SIO-BIC A3798). (E–I) Myzostoma kymae n. sp.—(E–G) SEM of paratype (SIO-BIC A3682), ventral surface, showing five pairs of parapodia (E), penises aligned with third pair (F), and alternating lateral organs (G); (H–I) Live photographs of holotype (SIO-BIC A3681) and paratypes (SIO-BIC A3682), (H) on host, Alloeocomatella pectinifera, showing faint dorsal longitudinal ridge, (I) side and ventral views, showing small cirri along body margin and extended proboscis with papillae. (J–L) Live photographs of Myzostoma laurenae n. sp. holotype (SIO-BIC A3809), (J) on host, Capillaster multiradiatus, (K) dorsal view showing color pattern and medium-long cirri along body margin, (L) ventral view showing extended proboscis with papillae, five pairs of parapodia and alternating lateral organs. Scalebars 1 mm (H-I); 0.5 mm (A–E, J–L); 100 Μm (F, G).

FIGURE 4 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 4. (A–B) Live photographs of Myzostoma debiae n. sp. paratype (SIO-BIC A3794)—(A) dorsal, showing characteristic color and patterning; (B) ventral, extended penises adjacent to third pair of parapodia and extended proboscis with seven papillae. (C) Live photograph of Myzostoma miki n. sp. holotype (SIO-BIC A3662), dorsal, unique honeycomb pattern shown. (D–G) Myzostoma eeckhauti n. sp. paratypes (SIO-BIC A3668)—(D) dorsal; (E–G) SEM, (E) ventral, specimen with only three pairs of parapodia—all other types had five pairs; (F) smooth extended proboscis, (G) parapodia with hook. (H–I) Live photograph of Myzostoma hollandi n. sp. holotype SIO-BIC A3791—(H) dorsal; (I) ventral, showing six acirrate caudal processes and eight distinctive anterior triangular cirri. (J–K) Live photographs of Myzostoma indocuniculus n. sp. paratypes (SIO-BIC A3763)—(J) dorsal showing two wide bunny ear-shaped caudal processes; (K) from the side, showing the cirri on the body margin and their relative lengths. Scalebars 2 mm (A-B); 1 mm (C–E, H–K); 100 Μm (F, G).

FIGURE 3 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 3. (A–B) Hypomyzostoma jasoni n. sp. —(A–C) live photographs, (A) non-type (SIO-BIC 4025) on arm of host Stephanometra indica, arrow indicating myzostomid; (B) paratype (SAM E3398) side profile, showing scalloped margin; (C) paratype (SAM E3398) dorsal view, showing transverse lines and extended, smooth proboscis; (D–F) SEM of paratype (SAM E3398), (D) ventral, showing five pairs of parapodia restricted to anterior two-thirds of body and cloaca positioned between last pair of parapodia and body margin; (E) side view, showing smooth dorsal surface and scalloped margin; (F) parapodia with hooks and small cirri buds, indicated by arrowheads. (G–K) Hypomyzostoma jonathoni n. sp.—(G–H) SEM of paratype (SIO- BIC A4024), (G) parapodia with hook, (H) side profile, showing parapodia with hooks and penis aligned with third parapodia; (I–K) live photographs of paratypes (SIO-BIC A4026), (I) dorsal view showing transverse lines and smooth extended proboscis; (J) juvenile removed from cyst on arm of host, folded ventral side facing upwards; (K) side profile, showing scalloped margin and range of parapodia. Scalebars 1 mm (A-E); 0.5 mm (I-K); 0.25 mm (J); 100 Μm (F, H); 10 Μm (G) (J); 100 µm (F, H); 10 µm (G).

FIGURE 1 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 1. Live photographs of Asteromyzostomum grygieri n. sp. (A, B) Holotype (SIO-BIC A3801) and other non-types on host Labidiaster annulatus, arrowheads indicate myzostomids. (C, D) Paratype (SIO-BIC A3554) ventral, mouth pierced through body wall (C) and dissected (D), arrow shows mouth and ring of circumoral tentacles. (E) Paratype (SIO-BIC A3232) ventral, five parapodia visible to left of mouth, indicated with roman numerals. (F) Two juveniles (non-types), ventral, showing five pairs of parapodia to left and right of mouth; one side indicated with roman numerals, the third pair offset from the others. Scalebars 1 cm (A); 1 mm (C–F).

FIGURE 7 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 7. (A–F) Live photographs of Protomyzostomum lingua n. sp. (A, B) in host, Gorgonocephalus chilensis, arrows show one specimen within bursa, (C, D) adults, ventral (C) and dorsal (D), (E, F) juveniles, ventral showing five pairs of parapodia and small chaetae. (G) Live photograph of infected Asteronyx longifissus, host of Protomyzostomum roseus n. sp., arrow indicating enlarged site of infection. (H–J) Protomyzostomum roseus n. sp.—(H, I) live photographs of paratypes (SIO- BIC 3797) in the host's bursa (H) and removed (I); (J) stained thin section, abbreviations: chaetae (ch); gut (g); longitudinal muscle (lm); oocyte (o). Scale bars 1 cm (A, B, G); 1 mm (C–F, H–I); 100 µm (J).

FIGURE 6 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 6. (A–I) Myzostoma pipkini n. sp.—(A–E) SEM of paratype (SIO-BIC A3818), (A–B) dorsal, showing transverse ridges and scalloped margin, (C) ventral showing smooth extended proboscis, five pairs of parapodia restricted to anterior twothirds of body, and position of cloaca midway between last pair of parapodia and body margin, (D) hook within parapodia, (E) two parapodia with small cirrus buds, indicated by arrow head; (F–I) live photographs, (F–G) paratype SIO-BIC A3746, dorsal view on host Colobometra perspinosa (F) and separated, showing transverse ridges and scalloped margin (G), (H–I) paratype (SIO-BIC A 3755), (H) dorsal view, (I) ventral, showing smooth proboscis, restricted parapodia, and position of cloaca. (J–M) Live photographs of Myzostoma susanae n. sp. holotype (SIO-BIC A3803), (J, M) on host, Comaster schlegelii, (K) dorsal view, a few small cirri visible on body margin, (L) ventral view showing five pairs of parapodia, indicated with an arrow head, and alternating lateral organs, anus (a) and pharynx (ph). (N–P) Live photographs of Myzostoma tertiusi n. sp. holotype (SIO- BIC A3793)—(N) on host, Colobometra perspinosa, (O) dorsal view showing color pattern and scalloped margin, (P) ventral view showing five pairs of parapodia and smooth extended proboscis. Scalebars 2 mm (J-M); 1 mm (N–P); 0.5 mm (A–C, F–I); 200 Μm (E); 20 Μm (D).

FIGURE 2 in Turbo-taxonomy: 21 new species of Myzostomida (Annelida)

FIGURE 2. (A–E) Live photographs of Endomyzostoma scotia n. sp.—(A, B) SIO-BIC A3876 (non-types) on host Promachocrinus kerguelensis; cysts on centrodorsal (A) and arm, cyst cut open to show animal (B); (C–E) non-types (SIO-BIC A3224, A3876, A3912) removed from cysts, ventral, arrow shows mouth, roman numerals indicate parapodia. (F–G) Live photographs of Endomyzostoma neridae n. sp. holotype (AM W.43447) and paratype (AM P.90322)—(F) removed from cyst, roman numerals indicate parapodia; (G) within cyst on host's arm. (H–L) Mesomyzostoma lanterbecqae n. sp.—(H–J) Live photographs: (H, I) non-type (SIO-BIC A3650) and paratype (SIO-BIC A3652) within host's coelom, arrowhead shows myzostomid in (I), (J) non-type (SIO-BIC A3649) dissected; (K–L) SEM of non-type (SIO-BIC A3648), (K) whole animal, (L) hook and reduced parapodia. Scalebars 5 mm (B); 1 mm (C–J); 0.5 mm (K); 10 µm (L).

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic description and 3 D modelling of a new species of myzostomid (Annelida, Myzostomida) associated with black corals from Madagascar

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic position of Eenymeenymyzsotoma nigrocorallium n. sp. in a tree computed with Bayesian analysis using 16S-18S-CO1 alignment. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities; a star means a posterior probability superior to 95. Red arrow points to the position of the new species.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic description and 3 D modelling of a new species of myzostomid (Annelida, Myzostomida) associated with black corals from Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Undescribed specimen collected by Goenaga in 1977 on the inside of the black coral Stichopathes sp. (A) Dorsal view showing barely any structure except the parapodia. (B) Dorsal view under SEM showing the myzostomid ventrally convex. (C) View of a parapodium. (D) Dense cilia found on the dorsal side of the myzostomid. Scales: A: 500µm; B: 100µm; C,D: 10µm. Abbreviations: ci, cilia; dc, dorsal cilia; ds, dorsal side; gp, male genital pore; m, mouth; mr, lateral margin; p, parapodia; pc, parapodial cone; ph, parapodial hook; vs, ventral side.

FIGURE 4. Eenymeenymyzostoma nigrocorallium n in Taxonomic description and 3 D modelling of a new species of myzostomid (Annelida, Myzostomida) associated with black corals from Madagascar

FIGURE 4. Eenymeenymyzostoma nigrocorallium n. sp., internal structure. (A, E) Upper (A) and lower (E) sections of body showing entire digestive tract, reproductive apparatus and nervous system. (B, C) Details of nervous system. (E) Two seminal vesicles associated with third parapodium, both containing spermatophores. Scales: A, E: 200µm; B: 100µm; C, D: 50µm. Abbreviations: c, chaeta; ca, digestive caeca; fg, female gametes; i, intestine; mg, male gametes; nf, nervous fibers; ns, nervous system; p, parapodia; pe, perikarya; ph, pharynx; pn, parapodial nerve; s, spermatophore; sn, side nerves; st, stomach; sv, seminal vesicles; u, uterus; ub, uterine branches; uh, uterine horns, branches.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic description and 3 D modelling of a new species of myzostomid (Annelida, Myzostomida) associated with black corals from Madagascar

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic position of Eenymeenymyzsotoma nigrocorallium n. sp. in a tree obtained using the maximum likelihood model (MetaPIGA). Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities; a star means a posterior probability superior to 95. Red arrow points to the position of the new species.