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55 results for “Nasonia”
Transcriptomic analysis of light-induced genes in Nasonia vitripennis: possible implications for circadian light entrainment pathways
<p class="MDPI17abstract"><span>Circadian entrainment to the environmental day-night cycle is essential for the optimal use of environmental resources. In insects, opsin-based photoreception in the compound eye and ocelli, and CRYPTOCHROME1 (CRY1) in circadian clock neurons are thought to be involved in sensing photic information, but genetic regulation of circadian light entrainment in species without light-sensitive CRY1 remains unclear. To elucidate a possible CRY1-independent light transduction cascade, we analysed light-induced gene expression through RNA-sequencing in <em>Nasonia vitripennis</em>. Entrained wasps were subjected to a light pulse in the subjective night to reset the circadian clock and light-induced changes in gene expression were characterized at four different time points in wasp heads. We used co-expression, functional annotation, and transcription factor binding motif analyses to gain insight into the molecular pathways in response to acute light stimulus and form a hypothesis about the circadian light resetting pathway. Maximal gene induction was found after 2h of light stimulation (1432 genes), including the opsin <em>opblue</em> and the core clock genes <em>cry2</em> and <em>npas2</em>. Pathway and cluster analyses revealed light activation of glutamatergic and GABA-ergic neurotransmission, including CREB and AP-1 transcription pathway signalling. This suggests that circadian photic entrainment in <em>Nasonia</em> may require pathways that are similar to mammals. We propose a model for hymenopteran circadian light resetting that involves opsin-based photoreception, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and gene induction of <em>cry2</em> and <em>npas2</em> to reset the circadian clock.</span></p>
Transcriptomic analysis of light-induced genes in Nasonia vitripennis: possible implications for circadian light entrainment pathways
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Data from: Egg laying rather than host quality or host feeding experience drives habitat estimation in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis
<p>In variable environments, sampling information on habitat quality is essential for making adaptive foraging decisions. In insect parasitoids, females foraging for hosts have repeatedly been shown to employ behavioral strategies that are in line with predictions from optimal foraging models. Yet, which cues exactly are employed to sample information on habitat quality, has rarely been investigated. Using the gregarious parasitoid <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), we provided females with different cues about hosts to elucidate, which of them would change a wasp's posterior behavior suggesting a change in information status. We employed posterior clutch size decisions on a host as proxy for a female's estimation of habitat quality. Taking into account changes in physiological state of the foraging parasitoid, we tested whether different host qualities encountered previously change the subsequent clutch size decision in females. Additionally, we investigated whether other kinds of positive experiences - such as ample time to investigate hosts, host feeding, or egg laying - would increase a wasp's estimated value of habitat quality. Contrary to our expectations, quality differences in previously encountered hosts did not affect clutch size decisions. However, we found that prior egg laying experience changes posterior egg allocation to a host, indicating a change in female information status. Host feeding and the time available for host inspection, though correlated with egg laying experience, did not seem to contribute to this change in information status.</p>
Data from: The biological significance of lipogenesis in Nasonia vitripennis
<p><span>Parasitic wasps have long been thought to be unable to synthesise fatty acids de novo, but recent <sup>13</sup>C-labelling studies have challenged this view. It remained unclear, however, whether the reported biosynthesis rates are of biological relevance. Here, we show in Nasonia vitripennis that ageing females with partly depleted lipid reserves produce biologically relevant amounts of fatty acids de novo. Females with varying oviposition history (0-48 h) prior to feeding 20% <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucose solution showed <sup>13</sup>C-incorporation rates of (mean ± SEM) 30±2%, 50±2%, 49±3%, and 21±2% in palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid, respectively. The absolute amounts of fatty acids synthesised de novo across treatments corresponded to 28±3 egg lipid equivalents. Females incorporated de novo synthesised fatty acids into their eggs, and glucose-fed females laid more eggs than water-fed control females. The number of eggs laid prior to glucose feeding did not correlate with the degree of lipogenesis, but the amounts of de novo synthesised fatty acids correlated with constitutive (not synthesised de novo) fatty acids. Hence, glucose feeding has a twofold effect on the fatty acid status of N. vitripennis females by decelerating the catabolism of existing fat reserves and partially replenishing ebbing fat reserves by lipogenesis.</span></p>
Circadian rhythm entrainment of the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, by antagonistic interactions of multiple spectral inputs
<p>Circadian light entrainment in some insects is regulated by blue-light sensitive cryptochrome (CRY) protein that is expressed in the clock neurons, but this is not the case in hymenopterans. The hymenopteran clock does contain CRY, but it appears to be light-insensitive. Therefore, we investigated the role of retinal photoreceptors in the photic entrainment of the jewel wasp <em>Nasonia</em> <em>vitripennis</em>. Application of monochromatic light stimuli at different light intensities caused phase shifts in the wasp's circadian activity from which an action spectrum with three distinct peaks was derived. Electrophysiological recordings from the compound eyes and ocelli revealed the presence of three photoreceptor classes, with peak sensitivities at 340 nm (ultraviolet), 450 nm (blue), and 530 nm (green). An additional photoreceptor class in the ocelli with sensitivity maximum at 560–580 nm (red) was found. Whereas a simple sum of photoreceptor spectral sensitivities could not explain the action spectrum of the circadian phase shifts, modelling of the action spectrum indicates antagonistic interactions between pairs of spectral photoreceptors, residing in the compound eyes and the ocelli. Our findings imply that the photic entrainment mechanism in <em>N</em>. <em>vitripennis</em> encompasses the neural pathways for measuring the absolute luminance as well as the circuits mediating colour opponency. </p>
Data from: The biological significance of lipogenesis in Nasonia vitripennis
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Circadian rhythm entrainment of the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, by antagonistic interactions of multiple spectral inputs
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Egg laying rather than host quality or host feeding experience drives habitat estimation in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis
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EduLifeDesks Archive: Nasonia Symbiont Database (499) DwCA
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Bacterial supergroup specific 'Cost' of Wolbachia infections in Nasonia vitripennis
<p><i>Wolbachia </i>is known to alter host reproductive biology for its benefit. It also introduces both positive and negative fitness effects in the vast majority of its host population. Here we describe the effect of maintenance of <i>Wolbachia</i> infection in the parasitoid host <i>Nasonia</i> <i>vitripennis</i>. We have separated the two <i>Wolbachia</i> infections in <i>N. vitripennis</i> to get single lines of <i>Wolbachia </i>supergroup A and supergroup B. We compare the effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> infection on various life-history traits between uninfected, single A, single B, and double infection strains. Contrary to the previous reports, our results suggest that there is a "cost" associated with the maintenance of <i>Wolbachia</i> infection where traits like progeny family size, fecundity, and longevity in females, while the number of copulations performed by males is compromised in <i>Wolbachia</i> infected strains. The double infection of <i>Wolbachia</i> has more detrimental impacts on the host as compared to single infections. The findings of this study raise important questions on the mechanism of survival and maintenance of these reproductive parasites in arthropod hosts.</p>
Data from: Development of a Nasonia vitripennis outbred laboratory population for genetic analysis
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Data from: Cuticular hydrocarbon divergence in the jewel wasp Nasonia: evolutionary shifts in chemical communication channels?
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Bacterial supergroup specific 'Cost' of Wolbachia infections in Nasonia vitripennis
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Dataset Nasonia strains
<p><strong>Strain differences rather than species differences contribute to variation in associative learning ability in <em>Nasonia</em></strong></p> <p>Maartje Liefting<sup>1,2</sup>, Lisa Verwoerd<sup>3</sup>, Myrthe L. Dekker<sup>4</sup>, Katja M. Hoedjes<sup>5</sup>, Jacintha Ellers<sup>2</sup></p> <p> </p> <p><sup>1 </sup>Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany</p> <p><sup>2 </sup>Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p> <p><sup>3</sup> Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p> <p><sup>4</sup> Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands</p> <p><sup>5</sup> Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</p> <p> </p> <p>All behavioural data was collected in the lab. The used variables in the csv file are:</p> <p>strain: the original names as used in the literature of the 4 different strains included in the experiments (HVRx, Ngmix, AsymCx, RV2xU)</p> <p>stimulus: the modality of the conditioned stimulus (vis or olf for visual or olfactory)</p> <p>time_h: number of hours after conditioning when memory retention was measured</p> <p>PI: performance index, a measure for memory retention based on the distribution of a group of wasps in the T=maze or olfactometer. A PI can theoretically vary from -100 (perfect avoidance) to 100 (perfect preference) with a score of 0 indicating no learned preferences. See manuscript for details on how a PI is calculated</p> <p>species: the two species considered (Nv = Nasonia vitripennis and Ng = Nasonia giraulti)</p> <p>genback: the genetic background of the strains used, either isogenic (iso) or genetically diverse (div)</p> <p> </p> <p>The data on memory retention after odour conditioning of the AsymCx (Nv iso) and RV2xU (Ng iso) strains has been published in:</p> <p>Hoedjes KM, Steidle JLM, Werren JH, Vet LEM, Smid HM. 2012 High-throughput olfactory conditioning and memory retention test show variation in <em>Nasonia</em> parasitic wasps. Genes, Brain Behav. 11, 879–887. (doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00823.x)</p>
Quantitative genetics of wing morphology in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis: hosts increase sibling similarity
<p>The central aim of evolutionary biology is to understand patterns of genetic variation between species and within populations. To quantify the genetic variation underlying intraspecific differences, estimating quantitative genetic parameters of traits is essential. In Pterygota, wing morphology is an important trait affecting flight ability. Moreover, gregarious parasitoids such as Nasonia vitripennis oviposit multiple eggs in the same host, and siblings thus share a common environment during their development. Here we estimate the genetic parameters of wing morphology in the outbred HVRx population of N. vit-ripennis, using a sire-dam model adapted to haplodiploids and disentangled additive genetic effects and host effects. The results show that the wing size traits have low heritability (h2~0.1), while most wing shape traits have roughly twice the heritability compared to wing size traits. However, the estimates in-creased to h2~0.6 for wing size traits when omitt ing the host effect from the statistical model, while no meaningful increases were observed for wing shape traits. Overall, host effects contributed ~50% of the variation in wing size traits. This indicates that hosts have a large effect on wing size traits, about five-fold more than genetics. Moreover, bivariate analyses were conducted to derive the genetic relationships among traits. Overall, we demonstrate the evo-lutionary potential for morphological traits in the N. vitripennis HVRx outbred population and report the host effects on wing morphology. Our findings can contribute to a further dissection of the genetics underlying wing morphology in N. vitripennis, with relevance for gregarious parasitoids and possible other insects as well.</p>
Data from: The hologenomic basis of speciation: gut bacteria cause hybrid lethality in the genus Nasonia
Although the gut microbiome influences numerous aspects of organismal fitness, its role in animal evolution and the origin of new species is largely unknown. Here we present evidence that beneficial bacterial communities in the guts of closely related species of the genus Nasonia form species-specific phylosymbiotic assemblages that cause lethality in interspecific hybrids. Bacterial constituents and abundance are irregular in hybrids relative to parental controls, and antibiotic curing of the gut bacteria significantly rescues hybrid survival. Moreover, feeding bacteria to germ-free hybrids reinstates lethality and recapitulates the expression of innate immune genes observed in conventionally reared hybrids. We conclude that in this animal complex, the gut microbiome and host genome represent a coadapted "hologenome" that breaks down during hybridization, promoting hybrid lethality and assisting speciation.
Data from: Sexual selection on male development time in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis
Mating systems are shaped by a species' ecology, which sets the stage for sexual selection. Males of the gregarious parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis compete to mate virgin females at the natal site, before females disperse. Males could increase their fitness by being larger and monopolising female emergence sites, or by emerging earlier pre-empting access to females. We consider sexual selection on male body size and development tine in Nasonia, and a potential trade-off between the two traits. We explored sex-specific patterns of larval and pupal development, finding that smaller wasps developed slower than their host-mates. Using competition experiments between brothers we found that earlier eclosing males mated more females independently of absolute and relative body size. Our data explain the lack of relationship between fitness and body size in male Nasonia, and reinforce the importance of protandry in mating systems where access to mates is time-limited.
Data from: Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis
Day length (photoperiod) and temperature oscillate daily and seasonally and are important cues for season-dependent behaviour. Larval diapause of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis is maternally induced following a certain number of days (switch point) of a given critical photoperiod (CPP). Both the switch point and CPP follow a latitudinal cline in European N. vitripennis populations,. We previously showed that allelic frequencies of the clock gene period correlate with this diapause induction cline. Here, we report that circadian expression of four clock genes, period (per), cryptochrome-2 (cry-2), clock (clk) and cycle (cyc), oscillates as a function of photoperiod and latitude of origin in wasps from populations from the extremes of the cline. Expression amplitudes are lower in northern wasps, indicating a weaker, more plastic, clock. Northern wasps also have a later onset of activity and longer free running rhythms in constant conditions. Per RNAi caused speeding up of the circadian clock, changed the expression of other clock genes and delayed diapause in both southern and northern wasps. These results point towards adaptive latitudinal clock-gene expression differences and to a key role of per in the timing of photoperiodic diapause induction of N. vitripennis.
Data from: DNA methylation and sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis
The role of epigenetics in the control and evolution of behavior is being increasingly recognized. Here we test whether DNA methylation influences patterns of adaptive sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Female N. vitripennis allocate offspring sex broadly in line with local mate competition (LMC) theory. However, recent theory has highlighted how genomic conflict may influence sex allocation under LMC, conflict that requires parent-of-origin information to be retained by alleles through some form of epigenetic signal. We manipulated whole-genome DNA methylation in N. vitripennis females using the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Across two replicated experiments, we show that disruption of DNA methylation does not ablate the facultative sex allocation response of females, as sex ratios still vary with cofoundress number as in the classical theory. However, sex ratios are generally shifted upward when DNA methylation is disrupted. Our data are consistent with predictions from genomic conflict over sex allocation theory and suggest that sex ratios may be closer to the optimum for maternally inherited alleles.
Data from: The hologenomic basis of speciation: gut bacteria cause hybrid lethality in the genus Nasonia
Although the gut microbiome influences numerous aspects of organismal fitness, its role in animal evolution and the origin of new species is largely unknown. Here we present evidence that beneficial bacterial communities in the guts of closely related species of the genus Nasonia form species-specific phylosymbiotic assemblages that cause lethality in interspecific hybrids. Bacterial constituents and abundance are irregular in hybrids relative to parental controls, and antibiotic curing of the gut bacteria significantly rescues hybrid survival. Moreover, feeding bacteria to germ-free hybrids reinstates lethality and recapitulates the expression of innate immune genes observed in conventionally reared hybrids. We conclude that in this animal complex, the gut microbiome and host genome represent a coadapted "hologenome" that breaks down during hybridization, promoting hybrid lethality and assisting speciation.
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