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125 results for “Natural impacts”
Datasets and codes for the peer review article "Human and natural impacts on the U.S. freshwater salinization and alkalinization: A machine learning approach"
<p>Ongoing salinization and alkalinization in U.S. rivers have been attributed to inputs of road salt and effects of human-accelerated weathering in previous studies. Salinization poses a severe threat to human and ecosystem health, while human derived alkalinization implies increasing uncertainty in the dynamics of terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. A mechanistic understanding of whether and how human activities accelerate weathering and contribute to the geochemical changes in U.S. rivers is lacking. To address this uncertainty, we compiled dissolved sodium (salinity proxy) and alkalinity values along with 32 watershed properties ranging from hydrology, climate, geomorphology, geology, soil chemistry, land use, and land cover for 226 river monitoring sites across the coterminous U.S. Using these data, we built two machine-learning models to predict monthly-aggregated sodium and alkalinity fluxes at these sites. The sodium-prediction model detected human activities (represented by population density and impervious surface area) as major contributors to the salinity of U.S. rivers. In contrast, the alkalinity-prediction model identified natural processes as predominantly contributing to variation in riverine alkalinity flux, including runoff, carbonate sediment or siliciclastic sediment, soil pH and soil moisture. Unlike prior studies, our analysis suggests that the alkalinization in U.S. rivers is largely governed by local climatic and hydrogeological conditions.</p>
Evaluating the impact of shade on Nitrogen fixation in sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.): a 15N natural abundance study
<p>This dataset refers to the experimental raw data (csv version) collected within the trial reported in the concerned article on the following parameters:</p> <p>1. total nitrogen, delta N15, nitrogen derived from atmosphere, root biomass, nitrogen yield, nitrogen fixed, splitted per experiment, mowing, crop, treatment and replicate (15N_root.csv).</p> <p>2. total nitrogen, delta N15, nitrogen derived from atmosphere, shoot biomass, nitrogen yield, nitrogen fixed, splitted per experiment, mowing, crop, treatment and replicate (15N_shoot.csv).</p> <p>3. shoot cumulative nitrogen yield, root cumulative nitrogen yield, shoot cumulative nitrogen fixed, root cumulative nitrogen fixed, shoot:root ratio of nitrogen yield, shoot:root ratio of nitrogen fixed, splitted per experiment, treatment and replicate (shoot root ratio and N cumulative value.csv).</p>
Disentangling responses to natural stressor and human impact gradients in river ecosystems across Europe
<p>1. Rivers are dynamic ecosystems in which both human impacts and climate-driven drying events are increasingly common. These anthropogenic and natural stressors interact to influence the biodiversity and functioning of river ecosystems. Disentangling ecological responses to these interacting stressors is necessary to guide management actions that support ecosystems adapting to global change.</p> <p>2. We analysed the independent and interactive effects of human impacts and natural drying on aquatic invertebrate communities—a key biotic group used to assess the health of European freshwaters. We calculated biological response metrics representing communities from 406 rivers in eight European countries: taxonomic richness, functional richness and redundancy, and two biomonitoring indices that indicate ecological status. We analysed metrics based on the whole community and a group of taxa with traits promoting resistance and/or resilience ('high RR') to drying. We also examined how responses vary across Europe in relation to climatic aridity.</p> <p>3. Most community metrics decreased independently in response to impacts and drying. A richness-independent biomonitoring index (the average score per taxon; ASPT) showed particular potential for use in biomonitoring, and should be considered alongside new metrics representing high RR diversity, to promote accurate assessment of ecological status.</p> <p>4. High RR taxonomic richness responded only to impacts, not drying. However, these predictors explained little variance in richness and other high RR metrics, potentially due to low taxonomic richness. Metric responsiveness could thus be enhanced by developing region-specific high RR groups comprising sufficient taxa with sufficiently variable impact sensitivities to indicate ecological status.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. Our results inform recommendations guiding the development of metrics to assess the ecological status of dynamic river ecosystems—including those that sometimes dry—thus identifying priority sites requiring further investigation to identify the stressors responsible for environmental degradation. We recommend concurrent consideration of richness-independent biomonitoring indices (such as an ASPT) and new high RR richness metrics that characterize groups of resistant and resilient taxa for region-specific river types. Interactions observed between aridity, impacts and drying evidence that these new metrics should be adaptable, promoting their ability to inform management actions that protect river ecosystems responding to climate change.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Pontoppidan M, Nachman G (2013) Spatial Amphibian Impact Assessment – a management tool for assessment of road effects on regional populations of Moor frogs (Rana arvalis). Nature Conservation 5: 29-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.5.4612
Full model description following the protocol suggested by Grimm et al. (2006, 2010) and model parameterisation. (doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.5.4612.app). File format: Adobe PDF document (pdf).:
Fig. 2 in The Impacts of Crustacean Zooplankton on a Natural Ciliate Community: a Short-term Incubation Experiment
Fig. 2. The abundance and biomass of ciliate taxa in the four treatments. The samples were collected on days 1, 5, 10, and 15.
Fig. 5 in The Impacts of Crustacean Zooplankton on a Natural Ciliate Community: a Short-term Incubation Experiment
Fig. 5. Dynamics of some dominant ciliate species during the experiment. The samples were collected on days 1, 5, 10, and 15. *Padj <0.008333, **Padj <0.001667
Fig. 6 in The Impacts of Crustacean Zooplankton on a Natural Ciliate Community: a Short-term Incubation Experiment
Fig. 6. Microphotographs of some common ciliates stained with the QPS approach during the experiment. (a) Askenasia acrostomia, (b) Askenasia chlorelligera, (c) Balanion planctonicum, (d) and (e) Codonella cratera, (f) Pseudostrombidium planctonticum, (g) and (i) Rimostrombidium lacustris, (h) Tintinnidium pusillum, (j) Rimostrombidium hyalinum, (k) Rimostrombidium brachykinetum, (l) Urotricha farcta, (m) Halteria sp., (n) Cyclidium sp., (o) Pelagostrombidium mirabile, (p) Limnostrombidium viride. All photographs were taken with an Olympic DP73 digital camera mounted on an Olympic BX51 light microscope. Scale bar equals 10 μm.
Fig. 3 in The Impacts of Crustacean Zooplankton on a Natural Ciliate Community: a Short-term Incubation Experiment
Fig. 3. Ciliate abundance and biomass by classification of body size. Small, medium, and large ciliates refer to a ciliate biovolume of <3000, 3000–5000, and> 5000 μm3, respectively.
Fig. 1 in The Impacts of Crustacean Zooplankton on a Natural Ciliate Community: a Short-term Incubation Experiment
Fig. 1. The initial (d1) and final (d15) biomass of algae (a) and final abundance of rotifers (b) in the four treatments.
Data, code, and supplementary materials for Pearman P. B., Broennimann, O., et al. Monitoring species genetic diversity in Europe varies greatly and overlooks potential climate change impacts. Nature Ecology & Evolution
<p>The repository contains several archives of digital materials that were used and/or produced in the analyses presented in Pearman, P. B. and Broennimann et al. Monitoring species genetic diversity in Europe varies greatly and overlooks potential climate change impacts. <strong>Nature Ecology & Evolution</strong>, likely 2023. These archives include (1) Supplementary Materials files ; (2) Data and code to generate country-level maps and plots; and (3) data and code to generate all maps of species and joint climate niche marginality, all in G-zipped tar archives. Readme files are available in each archive to guide running of the scripts and identification of objects in the Supplementary Materials. Please see the paper for all co-authors names, and the methods, the results obtained, and discussion of their implications.</p> <p>This work is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Michael Bruford (1963-2023).</p>
Disentangling responses to natural stressor and human impact gradients in river ecosystems across Europe
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Natural toxic impact and thyroid signaling interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish
<p>Abstract 1. Adaptive radiation in fishes has been actively investigated over the last decades. Along with numerous well-studied cases of lacustrine radiation, some examples of riverine sympatric divergence have been recently discovered. In contrast to the lakes, the riverine conditions do not provide evident stability in the ecological gradients. Consequently, external factors triggering the radiation, as well as developmental mechanisms underpinning it, remain unclear. 2. Herein, we present the comprehensive study of external and internal drivers of the riverine adaptive divergence of the salmonid fish Salvelinus malma. In the Kamchatka River, N-E Asia, this species splits in the reproductively isolated morphs that drastically differ in ecology and morphology: the benthivorous Dolly Varden (DV) and the piscivorous Stone charr (SC). 3. To understand why and how these morphs originated, we performed a series of field and experimental work, including common-garden rearing, comparative ontogenetic, physiological and endocrinological analyses, hormonal "engineering" of phenotypes, and acute toxicological tests. 4. We revealed that the type of spawning ground acts as the main external factor driving the radiation of S. malma. In contrast to DV spawning in the leaf krummholz zone, SC reproduces in the zone of coniferous forest, which litter has a toxic impact on developing fishes. SC enhances resistance to the toxicants via metabolism acceleration provided by the elevated thyroid hormone content. These physiological changes lead to the multiple heterochronies resulting in a specific morphology and SC's expansion into a piscivorous niche. 5. Salvelinus malma represents a notable example of how the thyroid axis contributes to the generation of diverse phenotypic outcomes underlying the riverine sympatric divergence. Our findings, along with the paleoecology data concerning spruce forest distribution during the Pleistocene, provide an opportunity to reconstruct a scenario of S. malma divergence. Taken together, obtained results with the data of the role of thyroid hormones in the ontogeny and diversification of fishes contribute a resource to consider the thyroid axis as a prime director orchestrating the phenotypic plasticity promoting evolutionary diversification under the changing environmental conditions. 06-Jan-2021</p>
Impacts of environmental heterogeneity on natural selection in a wild bird population
<p>Natural selection has been studied for several decades, resulting in the computation of thousands of selection estimates. Although the importance of environmental conditions on selection has often been suggested, published estimates rarely take into account the effects of environmental heterogeneity on selection patterns. Here, we estimated linear and non‐linear viability selection gradients on morphological traits of 12 days‐old nestlings in a wild population of tree swallows (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) across a large‐scale heterogeneous study system in southern Québec, Canada. We assessed the environmental drivers of nestling survival and evaluated their effects on strength and direction of selection gradients. Separate analyses of environmental variables showed that high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused stronger positive linear selection on morphological traits. Weaker linear selection was also measured in more extensively cultivated areas. Both strength and shape of non‐linear quadratic and correlational components of selection were modified by environmental variables. Considering all environmental variables revealed that precipitation since hatching affected patterns of linear selection on traits, while temperatures since hatching shaped nonlinear selection patterns. Our study underlines the importance of quantifying linear and non‐linear natural selection under various environmental conditions and how the evolutionary response of traits may be affected by ongoing human‐induced environmental changes.</p>
Data from: Land consolidation impacts the abundance and richness of natural enemies but not pests in small-holder rice systems
<p>Traditional small-holder agricultural landscapes in southern China are being consolidated to increase mechanization levels in agriculture, but it is unclear how this influences rice arthropod communities in these landscapes. Here, based on a six-year study in 20 rice fields, we evaluated the impact of land consolidation on arthropod communities, crop damage, and rice yield. We also analyzed how effects of land consolidation were moderated by the proportion of large semi-natural habitat patches and insecticide use. We found that, compared to consolidated fields, rice fields in traditional farmlands had a higher abundance and family richness of natural enemies, but a similar abundance of rice pests. Land consolidation did not significantly interact with the proportion of large semi-natural habitat patches or insecticide application, in terms of affecting arthropods. The proportion of semi-natural habitat reduced the negative effect of insecticide application on key rice pests, but no equivalent interaction occurred for natural enemies.</p> <p><em>Syntheses and Applications:</em> Land consolidation can have negative impacts on the abundance and richness of natural enemies, but not pests in small-holder rice systems, and these impacts are independent from insecticide application and proportion of semi-natural habitat in the landscape. We recommend the implementation of agri-environmental measures or re-establishing field margin vegetation during the consolidation process to mitigate these potential negative effects, although trade-off between enhancing crop yields and preserving rice arthropod biodiversity should be considered. We encourage future research to focus on the detailed assessment of the function of linear habitats for a better understanding of the impact of land consolidation.</p>
Wildlife Diversity and the Impact of Human Disturbance on Activity Patterns: A Case Study of the Labagoumen Nature Reserve, Beijing, China
<p>This version updates the dataset to reflect revised analyses in the resubmitted manuscript to Ecology and Evolution.</p> <p><strong>Title:</strong><br><strong>Data and Code for "Wildlife Diversity and the Impact of Human Disturbance on Activity Patterns: A Case Study of the Labagoumen Nature Reserve, Beijing, China"</strong></p> <p><strong>Description:</strong><br>This dataset contains the raw data and R scripts used to generate specific figures in the manuscript <em>"Wildlife Diversity and the Impact of Human Disturbance on Activity Patterns: A Case Study of the Labagoumen Nature Reserve, Beijing, China,"</em> submitted to <em>Ecology and Evolution</em>. The data were collected from infrared camera traps deployed in the Labagoumen Nature Reserve, Beijing, China, between 2019 and 2022. The dataset includes species detection records, timestamps, and information relevant to assessing the effects of human disturbance on wildlife activity patterns.</p> <p>The accompanying R scripts facilitate data processing, statistical analyses, and figure generation, enabling reproduction of the key results. This dataset may be useful for researchers interested in spatiotemporal wildlife monitoring, human-wildlife interactions, and disturbance ecology.</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <ul> <li>raw data (Excel format, <code>.xlsx</code>)</li> <li>R scripts for data analysis and figure generation of <strong>Figures 3-5</strong> (from the raw data file "raw data.xlsx") (Text format, .doc).</li> <li> <p><strong>Figure 1</strong>: Created using <span>ArcMap 10.8 software</span> and Photoshop software. <span>ArcMap 10.8 software </span>was used for processing spatial data and map creation, while Photoshop was used for post-processing and image enhancement.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Figure 2 and Appendix Figure. A1</strong>: Designed and modified using Photoshop software.</p> </li> </ul>
The stabilising impact of natural selection on the allometry of sexual ornaments: Fish that escape locomotor constraints exhibit extravagant ornamentation
<p>1. Positive allometry has been considered a hallmark of sexual selection whereby larger males of superior condition develop disproportionately larger ornaments for their body size compared to smaller males of poorer condition.</p> <p>2. Yet many structures known to be sexually selected often exhibit other allometric patterns. This has led to controversy over the utility of allometry in adequately capturing the signature of sexual selection, particularly if static (within population) and evolutionary (across species) allometries are functionally constrained by stabilising natural selection.</p> <p>3. To investigate this, we evaluated the allometries of ornamental head crests and dorsal fins across multiple species of blenny fish. In particular, we compared species that occupied an aquatic environment—where swimming performance was expected to have constrained ornament size—with species that have transitioned onto land where such biomechanical constraints on ornament size have been removed.</p> <p>4. Static allometries of both head crest and dorsal fin ornaments were found to be positive in males, but less so in females, across all species examined. This was consistent with the allometric theory of sexual selection that predicts positive allometry specifically in male ornamentation. Nevertheless, male allometric slopes were constrained in aquatic species whereas males of terrestrial species were free to exaggerate the size of their ornaments. Natural selection therefore appears to suppress ornament size in aquatics because of the biomechanical constraints associated with swimming. These differences in within-population static allometry between aquatic and terrestrial species in turn manifested in a greater across-species evolutionary allometric intercept, but not slope, for terrestrial species relative to aquatic and species.</p> <p>5. These findings indicate that the study of ornament allometries can provide useful insights into the role of sexual selection on ornament elaboration and also help reveal the presence of opposing natural selection that might result in alternative allometric patterns. The relationship between static and evolutionary allometries remains complex, and our results caution against the interpretation of evolutionary allometry in the absence of a clear understanding of the underlying static allometries associated with it.</p>
Following Darwin's footsteps: Evaluating the impact of an activity designed for elementary school students to link historically important evolution key concepts on their understanding of natural selection
<p>While several researchers have suggested that evolution should be explored from the initial years of schooling, little information is available on effective resources to enhance elementary school students' level of understanding of evolution by natural selection (LUENS). For the present study, we designed, implemented and evaluated an educational activity planned for fourth graders to explore concepts and conceptual fields that were historically important for the discovery of natural selection. Observation field notes and students' productions were used to analyse how the students explored the proposed activity. Additionally, an evaluation framework consisting of a test, the evaluation criteria and the scoring process was applied in two fourth-grade classes to estimate elementary school students' LUENS before and after engaging in the activity. Our results suggest that our activity allowed students to effectively link all of the key concepts in the classroom and produced a significant increase in their LUENS. These results indicate that our activity had a positive impact on students' understanding of natural selection. They also reveal that additional activities and minor fine-tuning of the present activity are required to further support students' learning about the concept of differential reproduction. We also observed a low level of teleological predictions for both pre- and post-tests. --</p>
Flower strips and remnant semi-natural vegetation have different impacts on pollination and productivity of sunflower crops
<p>Intensification of agricultural landscapes to fulfil increased global food demands has dramatically impacted biodiversity and ecosystem services. Several pollinator groups, which are vital for the maintenance of pollinator-dependent crops, have been severely affected by this intensification process. Management tools, such as the implementation of agri-environmental schemes, have been widely proposed to improve pollinator's communities and pollination services, although the effectiveness of wildflower strips in comparison to existing natural or semi-natural habitats and the impact on yield has not been fully demonstrated.</p> <p><span>Here, we aimed to assess the effect of flower strips implementation near sunflower fields in two intensive agricultural regions and to quantify their impact on visitation rates and sunflower productivity. Data were obtained in two regions in Spain (Burgos and Cuenca) in sunflower fields with associated semi-natural vegetation (SNVs), with implemented wildflower strips (WFSs) and without vegetation structures (NonVs). Visitation rates were monitored over two years by direct observations, and both sunflower seed production and weight were assessed in 52 fields per year.</span></p> <p><span>Our results revealed regional and inter-annual variation in visitation rates, likely driven by structural differences in the landscapes studied. In Cuenca, characterized by more heterogeneous and floral resources-richer landscapes, the effects of WFSs were significant in the second year of implementation, with higher visitation rates and higher productivity values in fields with implemented wildflower strips compared to those without. In contrast, in Burgos, no consistent effects among field treatments across years were observed.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis and applications. T</span><span>he implementation of flower strips or maintenance of remnant semi-natural habitats adjacent to sunflower fields, showed context-dependent effects on visitation rates and crop yield. In highly simplified agroecosystems, these interventions may be insufficient or may need longer times to produce significant effects. Yet, in regions where natural and semi-natural patches were already present, the implementation of flower strips was a successful strategy to promote pollinators and sunflower <a>productivity.</a></span></p>
Data from: Mitonuclear interactions impact aerobic metabolism in hybrids and may explain mitonuclear discordance in young, naturally hybridizing bird lineages
<p>Understanding genetic incompatibilities and genetic introgression between incipient species are major goals in evolutionary biology. Mitochondrial genes evolve rapidly and exist in dense gene networks with coevolved nuclear genes, suggesting that mitochondrial respiration may be particularly susceptible to disruption in hybrid organisms. Mitonuclear interactions have been demonstrated to contribute to hybrid dysfunction between deeply divergent taxa crossed in the laboratory, but there are few empirical examples of mitonuclear interactions between younger lineages that naturally hybridise. Here we use controlled hybrid crosses and high resolution respirometry to provide the first experimental evidence in a bird that inter-lineage mitonuclear interactions impact mitochondrial aerobic metabolism. Specifically, respiration capacity of the two mitodiscordant backcrosses (with mismatched mito-nuclear combinations) differ from one another, although they do not differ significantly from the parental groups or mitoconcordant backcrosses as we would expect of mitonuclear disruptions. In the wild hybrid zone between these subspecies the mitochondrial cline centre is shifted west of the nuclear cline centre, which is consistent with the direction of our experimental results. Our results therefore demonstrate asymmetric mitonuclear interactions that impact the capacity of cellular mitochondrial respiration and may help to explain the geographic discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes observed in the wild.</p>
The Interconnected Nature of Multiple Threats are Impacting Freshwater Biodiversity
<p><span>Freshwater biodiversity is in crisis across the globe: the significant extraction, modification, and pollution of freshwater resources puts these communities and systems at great risk. Here, using probabilistic network analysis, we show that globally and across all taxonomic groups and geographic regions, threats to freshwater species are interconnected and do not occur in isolation. However, we also find that species in higher risk categories are more acutely threatened by single, dominant threats as compared to species at lower risk of global extinction. Determining when and which species are threatened by isolated threats or a suite of co-occurring threats provides important information for designing effective freshwater conservation strategies.</span></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.