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Figure 6 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 6. Results of the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) of the Necromys lasiurus Cytochrome b sequences compiled in the present study, showing the four genetic clades, which are color-coded. The vertical black lines separate the sample groups. Insert map shows the Brazilian biomes.

Figure 7 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 7. Mismatch distribution of the Necromys lasiurus samples from the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The observed frequencies are shown in red, and the expected frequencies, in green.

Figure 8 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 8. Plot of the DIYABC Random Forest simulations for the five hypothetical demographic scenarios proposed for the Necromys lasiurus groups (Atlantic Forest ecoregion, Atlantic Forest domain of Rio de Janeiro state, and Arid Diagonal ecoregion), and the location of the observed data, used to validate the best scenario. In this analysis, scenario 1 received 99 "votes", scenario 2, 398 "votes", scenario 3, 229 "votes", and scenario 4, 76 "votes", with 198 "votes" for scenario 5.

Figure 4 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 4. Haplotype network of the Necromys lasiurus Cytochrome b sequences analyzed in the present study, color-coded according to the results of the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS; see Fig. 6). (AF–RJ) Atlantic Forest domain of Rio de Janeiro state. Mutational steps are indicated with stripes.

Figure 5 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 5. Haplotype network of the Necromys lasiurus Cytochrome b sequences obtained in the present study from localities in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes (AF), color-coded by locality. (ARG) Argentina, (MS) Mato Grosso do Sul, (MG) Minas Gerais, (PY) Paraguay, (PR) Paraná, (RJ) Rio de Janeiro, (RS) Rio Grande do Sul, (SC) Santa Catarina, (SP) São Paulo. Mutational steps are indicated with stripes.

Figure 2 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 2. The demographic scenarios formulated for testing in the DIYABC Random Forest analysis. Pop1 = Arid Diagonal ecoregion (AD), Pop2 = Atlantic Forest ecoregion (AF), Pop3 = Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state (AF-RJ). The scenarios tested here were: (1) AD as the ancestral population of AF, which originates AF-RJ, (2) AD as the ancestral population, which mixes with AF before originating AF-RJ, (3) AF-RJ as the ancestral population, which mixes with AF before originating AD, (4) AD as the ancestral population of AF and AF-RJ, and (5) AD as the ancestral population, mixing with AF-RJ before originating AF.

Figure 3 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 3. Consensus phylogenetic tree produced by the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses of the Cytochrome b sequences of Necromys lasiurus included in the present study. The clades are color-coded according to the results of the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS; see Fig. 6). The samples shaded green are from Atlantic Forest domain of Rio de Janeiro state. The circles at each branch represent the bootstrap values of the ML (left semi-circles) and the posterior probabilities of the BI (right semi-circles). In the left semi-circles, white indicates bootstrap values of 0.40–0.66, while gray represents values of 0.66–0.90, and black, values of over 0.90. In the right semi-circles, white indicates a posterior probability of less than 0.64, with gray representing posterior probabilities of 0.64–0.90, and black, values of over 0.90.

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On following pages: 526. Spy Hocicudo (Oxymycterus delator); 527. Atlantic Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus dosytrichos); 528. Quaestor Hocicudo (Oxymycterus quaeston; 529. Inca Hocicudo (Oxymyecterus inca); 530. Paramo Hocicudo (Oxymycterus paramensis); 531. Elfin Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nigrifrons); 532. Upper Yungas Inca Hocicudo (Oxymycterus juliacae); 533. Small Yungas Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hiska); 534. Quechuan Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hucucha); 535. Mount Caparao Hocicudo (Oxymycterus caparoae); 536. Red Hocicudo (Oxymycterus rufus); 537. Darwin's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nasutus); 538. Ravine Hocicudo (Oxymycterus wayku); 539. Cook's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus josel); 540. Common Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys cerradensis); 541. Hairy-eared Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys lasiotis); 542. Roraima Mouse (Podoxymys roraimae); 543. Blackish Grass Mouse (Thaptomys nigrita); 544. Ecuadorean Akodont (Necromys punctulatus); 545. Northern Akodont (Necromys urichi); 546. Hairy-tailed Akodont (Necromys lasiurus); 547. Pleasant Akodont (Necromys amoenus); 548. White-chinned Akodont (Necromys lactens), 549. Lillo's Akodont (Necromys lilloi); 550. Dark-furred Akodont (Necromys obscurus); 551. Kemp's Grass Mouse (Deltamys kempi); 552. Araucaria Grass Mouse (Deltamys araucaria); 553. Serra do Mar Grass Mouse (Castoria angustidens). in Cricetidae

On following pages: 526. Spy Hocicudo (Oxymycterus delator); 527. Atlantic Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus dosytrichos); 528. Quaestor Hocicudo (Oxymycterus quaeston; 529. Inca Hocicudo (Oxymyecterus inca); 530. Paramo Hocicudo (Oxymycterus paramensis); 531. Elfin Forest Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nigrifrons); 532. Upper Yungas Inca Hocicudo (Oxymycterus juliacae); 533. Small Yungas Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hiska); 534. Quechuan Hocicudo (Oxymycterus hucucha); 535. Mount Caparao Hocicudo (Oxymycterus caparoae); 536. Red Hocicudo (Oxymycterus rufus); 537. Darwin's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus nasutus); 538. Ravine Hocicudo (Oxymycterus wayku); 539. Cook's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus josel); 540. Common Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys cerradensis); 541. Hairy-eared Cerrado Mouse (Thalpomys lasiotis); 542. Roraima Mouse (Podoxymys roraimae); 543. Blackish Grass Mouse (Thaptomys nigrita); 544. Ecuadorean Akodont (Necromys punctulatus); 545. Northern Akodont (Necromys urichi); 546. Hairy-tailed Akodont (Necromys lasiurus); 547. Pleasant Akodont (Necromys amoenus); 548. White-chinned Akodont (Necromys lactens), 549. Lillo's Akodont (Necromys lilloi); 550. Dark-furred Akodont (Necromys obscurus); 551. Kemp's Grass Mouse (Deltamys kempi); 552. Araucaria Grass Mouse (Deltamys araucaria); 553. Serra do Mar Grass Mouse (Castoria angustidens).

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 4.—Individual specimen scores based on log-transformed values of 20 cranial measurements (Mosimann shape variables), projected onto the first and second principal components of the "size-free" Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracted from A) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 49) of the three nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens: Akodon lactens (black circles, n = 24), A. orbus (dark gray triangles, n = 14), and Bolomys negrito (light gray squares, n = 11); B) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 88) of the two main clades recovered for N. lactens: northern clade (NC, black circles, n = 20) and southern clade (SC, light gray triangles, n = 68); C) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 88) of the four subclades recovered for N. lactens: northernmost clade (NNC, closed black circles, n = 4), southernmost clade (SSC, open light gray squared, n = 25), central-northern clade (CNC, open black circles, n = 16), and centralsouthern clade (CSC, open dark gray triangles, n = 43). Character loadings and the variance explained by each of the first two principal components appear in Table 3 and Supplementary Data SD1.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 3.—Majority rule consensus tree obtained in the Bayesian analysis of 31 cytochrome-b gene sequences of specimens of Necromys lactens (plus sequences of other species of the genus used as outgroup). Numbers indicate posterior probability values of the adjacent nodes. Each terminal is labeled with the institution and catalog number (see acronyms in "Materials and Methods") of the specimen, GenBank accession number (of previously published sequences), and locality data (see complete details in Appendix II). Arg = Argentina; Bo = Bolivia.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 2.—Toothwear age classes of Necromys. Age class 1: M3 incompletely erupted or unworn; age class 2: M3 fully erupted and exhibits moderate wear, M1–2 unworn; age class 3: M3 well worn, its occlusal surface is flat or concave, M1–2 exhibit moderate wear; age class 4: M3 heavily worn, being generally concave, M1–2 have worn and flattened cusps, M2 with no trace of the paraflexus; age class 5: M1–3 are all worn and concave; most details of the occlusal topography are obliterated.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 1.—Map of southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, showing the geographic localities of specimens used in this study. A) Collection localities of the sequenced specimens of Necromys (white circles) and the type localities (white stars) of Akodon lactens (León), A. orbus (Otro Cerro), and Bolomys negrito (Las Pavas). B) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to Akodon lactens (white triangles), A. orbus (white squares), and Bolomys negrito (white circles). C) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to the two main clades: northern clade (NC, white circles) and southern clade (SC, white squares). D) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to the four subclades: northernmost clade (NNC, white circles), central-northern clade (CNC, white circles with a midpoint), central-southern clade (CSC, white squares with a midpoint), and southernmost clade (SSC, white squares). Gray shading corresponds to areas above 2,000 m elevation.

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Figure 1 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses

Figure 1. Distribution of Necromys lasiurus sample groups by ecoregion. The points are color-coded by ecoregion and sample group. Insert map shows the Brazilian biomes.