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16 results for “Neighbour effect”
Strong Grain Neighbour Effects in Polycrystals- Data set
<p>3D-XRD measurements are for a commercially pure zirconium (CPZr) sample deformed in-situ to 1.2% strain.</p> <p>HR-EBSD measurements are for the same deformed sample after unload.</p> <p>Crystal Plasticity Finite Element (CPFE) simulation was done on the measured micro-structure and results of the NHS model are provided.</p> <p>HR-EBSD and CPFE results are generated using in-house codes.</p> <p>Details of the 3D-XRD codes are provided in the following link:</p> <p>https://sourceforge.net/p/fable/wiki/Home/</p> <p> </p> <p>The work and further analysis of the results are described in:</p> <p>"Strong Grain Neighbour Effects in Polycrystal" Published in Nature Communications, DOI: <strong>10.1038/s41467-017-02213-9</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Other relevant papers:</p> <p>Abdolvand, H., Majkut, M., Oddershede, J., Wright, J., Daymond, M. R., “Study of 3-D Stress Development in Parent and Twin Pairs of a Hexagonal Close-Packed Polycrystal: Part I- In situ Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Measurement”, Acta Materialia, July 2015, Vol 93, Page 246-255.</p> <p> </p> <p>Abdolvand, H., Majkut, M., Oddershede, J., Wright, J., Daymond, M. R., “Study of 3-D Stress Development in Parent and Twin Pairs of a Hexagonal Close-Packed Polycrystal: Part II- Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modeling”, Acta Materialia, July 2015, Vol 93, Page 235-245.</p> <p> </p> <p>Abdolvand, H., Majkut, M., Oddershede, J., Schmidt, S., Lienert, U., Diak, B., Withers, P. J., Daymond, M. R., “On the Deformation Twinning of MgAZ31B: a Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Experiment and Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Model”, International Journal of Plasticity, July 2015, Vol 70, Page 77-97.</p> <p> </p> <p>Gong, J., Britton, B. T., Cuddihy, M. A., Dunne, F. P. E. & Wilkinson, A. J. <a> Prismatic, <a> basal, and <c+a> slip strengths of commercially pure Zr by micro-cantilever tests. Acta Mater. 96, 249–257 (2015).</p> <p> </p> <p>Poulsen, H. F. An introduction to three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 45, 1084–1097 (2012)</p> <p> </p> <p>Wilkinson, A. J., Meaden, G. & Dingley, D. J. High-resolution elastic strain measurement from electron backscatter diffraction patterns: New levels of sensitivity. Ultramicroscopy 106, 307–313 (2006)</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Quantifying neighbour effects on tree growth: are common "competition" indices biased?
<p>1. Interactions among neighbouring plants are key determinants of plant growth. To characterise the cumulative effect of all neighbours on the growth of a focal plant, neighbourhoods are often described by 'competition' indices. Common competition indices calculate the summed size of neighbour plants (focal-independent index) whilst others include the summed ratio of the neighbour size relative to focal plant size (focal-dependent). A frequently overlooked statistical artifact is that focal-dependent indices may lead to biased estimates of neighbourhood effects on plant growth when growth is size-dependent.</p> <p>2. Here, we conduct a literature search to determine the most common index types used to explain neighbour effects on tree growth. We then assess the ability of two common index types – focal-dependent and focal-independent – to correctly infer neighbourhood effects in (1) observations of tree growth in an experimental forest in south-east Tasmania, Australia, and (2) an artificially created dataset where tree growth is unrelated to the neighbourhood.</p> <p>3. Both indices detected the competitive neighbourhood effect on tree growth observed in our own dataset but differed in their conclusion regarding neighbour effects in the simulated data. Despite the simulated dataset being generated so there was no relationship between tree growth and their neighbourhood, the focal-dependent index detected strong, competitive neighbourhood effects when intrinsic growth was incorrectly related to tree size. In contrast, when we considered the focal-independent index as the neighbourhood metric, we correctly did not detect any neighbourhood effects in the simulated data regardless of how size-dependent growth was described.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis</em>. 'Competition' indices are a useful method to characterise the cumulative neighbourhood effect on plant growth, however, we demonstrate that indices which include the size of the focal plant in their calculation can be biased by an inherent relationship between tree growth and initial size. Whilst this bias typically overstates the strength of competition in determining focal tree growth, we show that it can be mitigated by correctly describing intrinsic growth. We discuss the limitations of both index types, provide recommendations for performing statistical modelling, and outline how to check for accurate neighbour inference.</p>
Data from: The nasty neighbour effect in humans
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Data from: Quantifying neighbour effects on tree growth: are common “competition” indices biased?
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Figure 1 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant
Figure 1. Frequency of ant visitation on mealybug aggregations during manipulative experiment (9 days) by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum showing the treatment individuals (grey bars – with ant exclusion during manipulation period – days 4, 5 and 6) and control individuals (white bars – with ant access all time). The frequency of C. crassus visitation increased when prevented from tending the treatment aggregation [repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); * p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].
Figure 4 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant
Figure 4. Comparative analysis of abundance of mealybugs on plants with and without (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on shrubs of Banisteriopsis campestris in a Brazilian tropical savanna. [T test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].
Figure 2 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant
Figure 2. Comparative analysis of abundance of nymphs attended by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on individuals of Banisteriopsis campestris with and without ants over 76 days of monitoring (sampling: 1° – 5 February 2014; 2° – 26 February 2014; 3° – 19 March 2014; 4° – 9 April 2014). A statistical difference was observed for nymphs attended by C. crassus [Friedman test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].
Figure 3 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant
Figure 3. Proportion of fruit production with (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum in the group with both mealybugs and ants, group with only ants, group with only mealybugs, and group without ants or mealybugs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, p <0.05) with the presence/absence of each group (ants and mealybugs) treated as a separate factor. Means + 1 standard error (SE) are presented. The asterisk (*) in (a) indicates a significant negative interactive effect by C. crassus and mealybugs on proportion of fruit production (p <0.05; see Table 1).
Data from: Anti-herbivore defences and insect herbivory: interactive effects of drought and tree neighbours
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Data from: Mating affects resource selection and modulates associational effects between neighbouring resources
Associational effects occur when the attack rate on a resource depends on neighbouring resources in the environment. These effects are predicted to result from mismatches experienced by the consumer organism in resource selection along hierarchical search levels. As resource selection depends on sensory information used during search behaviour, we expected that different physiological states of an insect might modulate the outcome of associational effects due to differences in resource selection. We used Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism for olfactory-guided behaviour in insects, to study the effects of mating induced behavioural changes on associational effects between two alternative resources. We found that mating has no effect on the ability of D. melanogaster to locate resource patches, but rather affects the perception of the resources within the patch. Consequently, we only found associational effects in the experiments with unmated females and not in the experiments with mated females. Our results suggest that the lack of associational effects for mated females resulted from changes in the use of short-range olfactory cues, leading to random selection among the resources. In conclusion, our results suggest that the physiological state of an insect modulates associational effects by affecting resource selection rates within the patch.
Data from: Corrections for rooting volume and plant size reveal negative effects of neighbour presence on root allocation in pea
Plants are able to detect the presence of their neighbours belowground. The associated root responses may affect plant performance, plant-plant interactions and community dynamics, but the extent and direction of these responses is heavily debated. Some studies suggest that plants will over-proliferate roots in response to neighbours at the expense of reproduction, which was framed as a "tragedy of the commons". Others proposed an "ideal free distribution" hypothesis, stating that plants produce roots simply as a function of the amount of available nutrients. However, experimental evidence for either hypothesis that is unbiased by confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size in their experimental setups is still lacking. We grew split-root pea plants in the presence or absence of a belowground neighbour at a range of rooting volumes, while providing equal amounts of nutrients per plant. Path analyses were used to disentangle the direct effects of neighbour presence on allocation patterns from the confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size. Within the chosen range of rooting volumes, the presence of a belowground neighbour generally reduced plant root mass by 21% and total mass by 9%. A doubling of rooting volume generally increased plant root mass by 18% and total mass by 11%. Pod mass was only directly and positively correlated with vegetative mass. The presence of a belowground neighbour induced less root allocation but more pod allocation, whereas increased rooting volume caused a reduction in reproductive allocation. A large part of these effects, however, was indirectly mediated through the influence on plant total mass. Synthesis: Not considering the effects of rooting volume and plant size may lead to misinterpretations of plant growth strategies in response to neighbours. Accounting for these factors, we found pea allocating less mass to roots in the presence of a belowground neighbour. The obtained results can help to reconcile the various responses to belowground neighbours as they are published in the literature.
Data from: Mating affects resource selection and modulates associational effects between neighbouring resources
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Data from: Corrections for rooting volume and plant size reveal negative effects of neighbour presence on root allocation in pea
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Data from: Insect herbivory on seedlings of rainforest trees: effects of density and distance of conspecific and heterospecific neighbours
1. Natural enemies of plants such as insect herbivores can contribute to structuring and maintaining plant diversity in tropical forests. Most research in this area has focused on the role of specialised enemies and the extent to which herbivory on individual plant species is density-dependent. 2. Relatively few insect herbivores specialise on a single host plant species. Insect herbivores that feed on more than one plant species may link the regeneration dynamics of their host species through 'apparent competition' or 'apparent mutualism'. 3. We investigated herbivory and survival of seedlings of two tropical tree species (Cordia alliodora and Cordia bicolor) in the forests of Barro Colorado Island (Panama). We used experiments and observations to assess seedling fate in relation to the presence of conspecifics and heterospecifics across a range of spatial scales. 4. Herbivory significantly increased seedling mortality and was highest at high local densities of C. alliodora seedlings. There was also evidence that high local densities of C. alliodora increased herbivory on co-occurring C. bicolor seedlings. 5. Synthesis. The elevated rates of seedling herbivory at high densities of conspecifics documented in our study are consistent with the predictions of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, which explains how so many plant species can coexist in tropical forests. Our data also highlight the possibility that herbivore-mediated density-dependence, facilitated by herbivores that feed on multiple plant species, can also occur across plant species. Enemy-mediated indirect effects of this sort have the potential to structure plant communities.
Data from: Insect herbivory on seedlings of rainforest trees: effects of density and distance of conspecific and heterospecific neighbours
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Figure 5 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant
Figure 5. Comparative analysis of abundance of non-trophobiont herbivores in plants with (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum interaction on shrubs of Banisteriopsis campestris in a Brazilian tropical savanna. [Mann-Whitney U-test; * indicates statistical difference in plants with C. crassus attending mealybugs; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].
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