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Figs 89–94 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 89–94. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. observations. 89. Thin wafer-type trapdoor cracked open (a). 90. Opened trapdoor (b). 91. Closed trapdoor (c). 92. Flash-attack by spider as a reaction on subtle movements near the trapdoor (d). 93. Spider retreats after attack (e). 94. Trapdoor remains ajar after retreat (f).

Figs 80–88 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 80–88. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. sub-adult, ♂ (no. TC.003, NHMR) vs sub-adult, ♀ (no. TC.001, NHMR). 80. Dorsal habitus sub-adult male, note the similarity in general appearance with the adult female holotype (Fig. 74). 81. Sub-adult female, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly conical, normal female shape of the article (nt). 82. Sub-adult male, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly swollen shape of the article (sst). 83. Similar as 81, but ventral view. 84. Similar as 82, but ventral view. 85. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult female, note the vulva structure (sf). 86. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult male, note the absence of a vulva structure (cf). 87. Genital zone sub-adult female with cuticle removed, note the presence of spermathecae (spe). 88. Idem sub-adult male, note the absence of spermathecae.

Figs 70–73 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 70–73. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. observations. 70. Natural habitat. 71. Borrow top cut open, note virtual absence of a silk lining of the burrow shaft and the compacted soil from which the burrow walls derive most of their structural integrity. 72. Natural burrow entrance flush with the soil surface, note absence of trapdoor. 73. Two surface openings of the bifurcated burrow seen in an observation container.

Figs 74–79 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 74–79. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. holotype, ♀ (TC.002, NHMR). 74. Dorsal habitus. 75. Lateral habitus, note the elevated cephalic part or high carapace profile (hp). 76. Chelicerae in ventro-lateral view, note the hooked fangs and the finely serrated fang-keel (arrow indication). 77. Prolateral patella III, not the two spines in line (sp). 78. Spinnerets ventral view, note the digitiform PMS. 79. Spermathecae with elongated, wavy, wiggly, tube-shaped receptacles.

Figs 54–63 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 54–63. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. holotype, ♂ (TC.004, NHMR). 54. Dorsal habitus (note distinct dark flanks of cephalic part). 55. Prosoma in lateral view (note dark margin of the carapace and cephalic part not elevated). 56. Dorso-distal right palp (note strong development of PTR). 57. Prolateral left metatarsus and distal tibia leg I (note CF with dense brush of short bristles, short TA and smoothly curved TS). 58. Spinnerets, lateral view showing macula (MAC) on external proximal article of PLS. 59–63. Right palpal organ in four different positions rotated clock-wise by 90°. 59. Ventral view. 60. Prolateral view. 61. Dorsal view. 62. Retrolateral view. 63. Embolus tip at high magnification, note short row of tiny denticles (den) and bevelled tip.

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 excavates its burrows in various natural settings such as crevices between rocks and roots and pre-existing, soil filled cavities in rocks and tree trunks. 45. Circular outline of a trapdoor in open, moss-covered soil. 46. Same trapdoor opened to show its thick, plug-like structure that snugly fits into the borrow entrance opening. 47. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole near the base of a carob tree. 48. The same trapdoor (47) in closeup. 49. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an olive tree. 50. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an unidentified tree. 51. The same trapdoor (50) in close-up and opened. 52. Circular outline of a trapdoor in dry soil at the bottom of a rubble wall. 53. Exposed top of a burrow and trapdoor in soil between rocks of a rubble wall.

Figs 36–44 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 36–44. Female characters in Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903. 36–42. Variation in general appearance of seven female specimens contained in our study sample, with collection site indication and total body length (TBL). 36. TC.015, NHMR, found on tree Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret, TBL = 23.0. 37. TC.016, NHMR, found on tree Ceratonia siliqua L., TBL = 23.3. 38. TC.014, NHMW, terrestrial burrow at Zebbug, TBL = 21.1. 39. TC.017, NHMR, terrestrial burrow on Comino Island, TBL = 26.9. 40. TD.1, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Wied Incita, TBL = 26.1. 41. TD.2, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Buskett, TBL = 20.0. 42. TD.3, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at St Paul's Island, TBL = 22.3. 43. Labial cuspules (cu) were present in all specimens shown. 44. Swollen PMS were present in all specimens shown. The presence of labial cuspules and swollen PMS distinguish N. arboricola from the closely related N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871.

Figs 21–26 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 21–26. Male diagnostic features for species of Nemesia Pocock, 1903. 21–22. Dorsal palp tibia, PTR is present in all species of Nemesia for which information is available, here illustrated by two species from the eastern and western ends of the Mediterranean distribution range of the genus; N. cellicola Audouin, 1826 (21) from the Middle East and N. bacelarae Decae, Cardoso & Selden, 2007 (22) from Portugal. 23–24. Dorsal palp tibia of the only Nemesia species known in which the PTR is absent; N. arboricola Pocock, 1903 (23) from Malta and N. simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 (24) from the western Pyrenees. 25–26. Difference in distal palp morphology (retrolateral view) showing differences in tibia and palpal organ that distinguish N. arboricola (25) from N. simoni (26).

Figs 27–35. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 27–35. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903, ♂ reference specimen (TD.4, NHMR). 27. Dorsal habitus. 28. Prosoma lateral, note slight elevation of the cephalic part, ocular process and gradual posterior slope of thoracic part. 29. Metatarsus and tibia leg I, note tibial apophysis (TA), tibia spur (TS), clasper field (CF). 30. Prolateral patella III with single spine (SS). 31–34. Right palpal organ in four different positions rotated clock-wise by 90°. 31. Ventral view, 32. Prolateral view. 33. Dorsal view. 34. Retrolateral view. 35. Embolus tip at high magnification, note slightly scooped tip.

Figs 1–8 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 1–8. Characters reported to distinguish N. arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871 in Kritscher (1994). 1–4. N. arboricola; represented by two specimens (TC.016, NHMR, Figs 1 & 3, specimen collected from an arboreal-nest; TC.017, NHMR, Figs 2 & 4, specimen collected from a terrestrial nest). 5–8. N. macrocephala; represented by two specimens (Isaia.046, Figs 5 & 7 and Isaia.047, Figs 6 & 8), both collected from terrestrial nests near the type locality, Palermo, Sicily. 1–2, 5–6. Comparative eye-formations. Note the overlap and variation in distances between ALE and PLE (ALE–PLE N. arboricola ranges between 0.10–0.20, n = 7; N. macrocephala ranges between 0.14– 0.22, n = 2). Furthermore, note the variation in general configuration of the eyes that renders species recognition on these characters uncertain. 3–4, 7–8. Comparative shapes of spermathecae in ventral view. Note both similarities and differences in shape and differences in distance between receptacles of both species that renders unambiguous species recognition difficult, although spermathecal receptacles in N. arboricola shown here are somewhat smaller and finer built. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 9–20. Characters distinguishing Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871. 9–14. N in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 9–20. Characters distinguishing Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871. 9–14. N. arboricola; represented by two specimens (TC.016, NHMR, Figs 9, 11, 13, specimen collected from an arboreal-nest; TC.017, NHMR, Figs 10, 12, 14, specimen collected from a terrestrial nest). 15–20. N. macrocephala; represented by two specimens (Isaia.046; Figs 15, 17, 19 and Isaia.047; Figs 16, 18, 20), both collected from terrestrial nests near the type locality, Palermo, Sicily. 9–10, 15–16. Presence or absence of labial cuspules. Note presence of labial cuspules (cu) in N. arboricola (Figs 9–10) versus absence of labial cuspules in N. macrocephala (Figs 15–16). 11–12, 17–18. Colour pattern opisthosoma. Note dark coloured and speckled opisthosoma in N. arboricola (Figs 11–12) versus light coloured ophistosoma with chevron lines (Figs 17–18) in N. macrocephala. 13–14, 19– 20. Differences in structure of PMS. Note thickened and slightly swollen PMS (is) in N. arboricola (Figs 13–14) versus slender, conical PMS (cs) in N. macrocephala (Figs 19–20). Scale bars = 1 mm.

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Nemesia caerulea Hiern (BR0000012563609)

Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.

FIGURE 2 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of living adult female N. hastensis n. sp. (BL»18mm) showing general appearance of Nemesia species included in apenninica group. Note: difference in color intensity between living and preserved specimen (Fig. 3).

FIGURE 9 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 9. Closed (left) and opened (right) trapdoor of N. hastensis n. sp. Extremely well camouflaged door in moss-covered surroundings. Burrow entrance diameter = ca.12mm. Photo: Francesco Tomasinelli.

FIGURE 5. Nemesia apenninica n in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 5. Nemesia apenninica n. sp.: camera lucida drawings of right male palpal organ (A–D) and in dorsal view, female spermathecae (E). Asymmetrically shaped palpal organ shown under four rotation angles around longitudinal axis (ax). A = ventral, B = dorsal, C = retrolateral, D = prolateral, the spermathecae are drawn in ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 1. Methods of measurement: A, measurements of dorsal body-parts. BL = body length, CL = carapace length, Ca = caput length, CW = carapace width; B, measurements of eye-formation AER = width anterior eye-row, ALE = diameter anterior lateral eye, PER = width posterior eye-row, PLE = diameter posterior lateral eye; C, measurements of ventral parts of the prosoma. ll = labium length, lw = labium width, ml = maxilla length, mw = maxilla width, sl = sternum length, sw = sternum width; D, measurements of palp segments in retrolateral view (sum of these measurements gives total length of palps). Cyl = cymbium length, Til = tibia length, Pal = patella length, Fel = femur length; E, measurements of leg-segments (sum of these measurements gives total length of legs). Tal = tarsus length, Mel = metatarsus length, other segments as in palp. Anterior legs are measured along retrolateral face, posterior appendages along prolateral face.

FIGURE 8 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 8. Collection sites of Nemesia species included in apenninica group. N. apenninica n. sp. (red dots), Nemesia hastensis n. sp. (blue dots), and N. pedemontana n. sp. (yellow dots). Note distributional segregation between N. hastensis and N. apenninica and the relatively wide and overlapping distribution of N. pedemontana. Apparent gaps in distribution ranges of N. apenninica and N. pedemontana are result of incomplete sampling.

FIGURE 4 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 4. Broadly similar appearance of three Nemesia new species, described below, of the apenninica group: A, N. apenninica (f), CL = 5.4mm; B, N. apenninica (m), CL = 5.3mm; C, N. hastensis (f) CL = 5.3mm; C, N. hastensis (m), CL = 4.7mm; D, N. pedemontana (f), CL = 5.8mm; E, N. pedemontana (m), CL = 4.3mm. Variations in pigment patterns (although generally slightly darker in N. pedemontana), carapace shape seen here have only weak diagnostic value in Nemesia species level taxonomy.

FIGURE 3 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 3. General appearance of 70% ethanol preserved N. hastensis n. sp. of apenninica group. Left, male BL=13.6mm; right, female BL=17.7mm.

FIGURE 10 in A new species-complex within the trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin 1826 distributed in northern and central Italy, with descriptions of three new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 10. Brood care in Nemesia hastensis n. sp.: adult female and juveniles sharing maternal burrow. Photo: Francesco Tomasinelli.