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Figs 89–94 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 89–94. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. observations. 89. Thin wafer-type trapdoor cracked open (a). 90. Opened trapdoor (b). 91. Closed trapdoor (c). 92. Flash-attack by spider as a reaction on subtle movements near the trapdoor (d). 93. Spider retreats after attack (e). 94. Trapdoor remains ajar after retreat (f).

Figs 80–88 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 80–88. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. sub-adult, ♂ (no. TC.003, NHMR) vs sub-adult, ♀ (no. TC.001, NHMR). 80. Dorsal habitus sub-adult male, note the similarity in general appearance with the adult female holotype (Fig. 74). 81. Sub-adult female, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly conical, normal female shape of the article (nt). 82. Sub-adult male, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly swollen shape of the article (sst). 83. Similar as 81, but ventral view. 84. Similar as 82, but ventral view. 85. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult female, note the vulva structure (sf). 86. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult male, note the absence of a vulva structure (cf). 87. Genital zone sub-adult female with cuticle removed, note the presence of spermathecae (spe). 88. Idem sub-adult male, note the absence of spermathecae.

Figs 70–73 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 70–73. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. observations. 70. Natural habitat. 71. Borrow top cut open, note virtual absence of a silk lining of the burrow shaft and the compacted soil from which the burrow walls derive most of their structural integrity. 72. Natural burrow entrance flush with the soil surface, note absence of trapdoor. 73. Two surface openings of the bifurcated burrow seen in an observation container.

Figs 74–79 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 74–79. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. holotype, ♀ (TC.002, NHMR). 74. Dorsal habitus. 75. Lateral habitus, note the elevated cephalic part or high carapace profile (hp). 76. Chelicerae in ventro-lateral view, note the hooked fangs and the finely serrated fang-keel (arrow indication). 77. Prolateral patella III, not the two spines in line (sp). 78. Spinnerets ventral view, note the digitiform PMS. 79. Spermathecae with elongated, wavy, wiggly, tube-shaped receptacles.

Figs 54–63 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 54–63. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. holotype, ♂ (TC.004, NHMR). 54. Dorsal habitus (note distinct dark flanks of cephalic part). 55. Prosoma in lateral view (note dark margin of the carapace and cephalic part not elevated). 56. Dorso-distal right palp (note strong development of PTR). 57. Prolateral left metatarsus and distal tibia leg I (note CF with dense brush of short bristles, short TA and smoothly curved TS). 58. Spinnerets, lateral view showing macula (MAC) on external proximal article of PLS. 59–63. Right palpal organ in four different positions rotated clock-wise by 90°. 59. Ventral view. 60. Prolateral view. 61. Dorsal view. 62. Retrolateral view. 63. Embolus tip at high magnification, note short row of tiny denticles (den) and bevelled tip.

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 excavates its burrows in various natural settings such as crevices between rocks and roots and pre-existing, soil filled cavities in rocks and tree trunks. 45. Circular outline of a trapdoor in open, moss-covered soil. 46. Same trapdoor opened to show its thick, plug-like structure that snugly fits into the borrow entrance opening. 47. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole near the base of a carob tree. 48. The same trapdoor (47) in closeup. 49. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an olive tree. 50. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an unidentified tree. 51. The same trapdoor (50) in close-up and opened. 52. Circular outline of a trapdoor in dry soil at the bottom of a rubble wall. 53. Exposed top of a burrow and trapdoor in soil between rocks of a rubble wall.

Figs 36–44 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 36–44. Female characters in Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903. 36–42. Variation in general appearance of seven female specimens contained in our study sample, with collection site indication and total body length (TBL). 36. TC.015, NHMR, found on tree Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret, TBL = 23.0. 37. TC.016, NHMR, found on tree Ceratonia siliqua L., TBL = 23.3. 38. TC.014, NHMW, terrestrial burrow at Zebbug, TBL = 21.1. 39. TC.017, NHMR, terrestrial burrow on Comino Island, TBL = 26.9. 40. TD.1, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Wied Incita, TBL = 26.1. 41. TD.2, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Buskett, TBL = 20.0. 42. TD.3, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at St Paul's Island, TBL = 22.3. 43. Labial cuspules (cu) were present in all specimens shown. 44. Swollen PMS were present in all specimens shown. The presence of labial cuspules and swollen PMS distinguish N. arboricola from the closely related N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871.

Figs 21–26 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 21–26. Male diagnostic features for species of Nemesia Pocock, 1903. 21–22. Dorsal palp tibia, PTR is present in all species of Nemesia for which information is available, here illustrated by two species from the eastern and western ends of the Mediterranean distribution range of the genus; N. cellicola Audouin, 1826 (21) from the Middle East and N. bacelarae Decae, Cardoso & Selden, 2007 (22) from Portugal. 23–24. Dorsal palp tibia of the only Nemesia species known in which the PTR is absent; N. arboricola Pocock, 1903 (23) from Malta and N. simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 (24) from the western Pyrenees. 25–26. Difference in distal palp morphology (retrolateral view) showing differences in tibia and palpal organ that distinguish N. arboricola (25) from N. simoni (26).

Figs 27–35. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 27–35. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903, ♂ reference specimen (TD.4, NHMR). 27. Dorsal habitus. 28. Prosoma lateral, note slight elevation of the cephalic part, ocular process and gradual posterior slope of thoracic part. 29. Metatarsus and tibia leg I, note tibial apophysis (TA), tibia spur (TS), clasper field (CF). 30. Prolateral patella III with single spine (SS). 31–34. Right palpal organ in four different positions rotated clock-wise by 90°. 31. Ventral view, 32. Prolateral view. 33. Dorsal view. 34. Retrolateral view. 35. Embolus tip at high magnification, note slightly scooped tip.

Figs 1–8 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 1–8. Characters reported to distinguish N. arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871 in Kritscher (1994). 1–4. N. arboricola; represented by two specimens (TC.016, NHMR, Figs 1 & 3, specimen collected from an arboreal-nest; TC.017, NHMR, Figs 2 & 4, specimen collected from a terrestrial nest). 5–8. N. macrocephala; represented by two specimens (Isaia.046, Figs 5 & 7 and Isaia.047, Figs 6 & 8), both collected from terrestrial nests near the type locality, Palermo, Sicily. 1–2, 5–6. Comparative eye-formations. Note the overlap and variation in distances between ALE and PLE (ALE–PLE N. arboricola ranges between 0.10–0.20, n = 7; N. macrocephala ranges between 0.14– 0.22, n = 2). Furthermore, note the variation in general configuration of the eyes that renders species recognition on these characters uncertain. 3–4, 7–8. Comparative shapes of spermathecae in ventral view. Note both similarities and differences in shape and differences in distance between receptacles of both species that renders unambiguous species recognition difficult, although spermathecal receptacles in N. arboricola shown here are somewhat smaller and finer built. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 9–20. Characters distinguishing Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871. 9–14. N in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 9–20. Characters distinguishing Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 from N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871. 9–14. N. arboricola; represented by two specimens (TC.016, NHMR, Figs 9, 11, 13, specimen collected from an arboreal-nest; TC.017, NHMR, Figs 10, 12, 14, specimen collected from a terrestrial nest). 15–20. N. macrocephala; represented by two specimens (Isaia.046; Figs 15, 17, 19 and Isaia.047; Figs 16, 18, 20), both collected from terrestrial nests near the type locality, Palermo, Sicily. 9–10, 15–16. Presence or absence of labial cuspules. Note presence of labial cuspules (cu) in N. arboricola (Figs 9–10) versus absence of labial cuspules in N. macrocephala (Figs 15–16). 11–12, 17–18. Colour pattern opisthosoma. Note dark coloured and speckled opisthosoma in N. arboricola (Figs 11–12) versus light coloured ophistosoma with chevron lines (Figs 17–18) in N. macrocephala. 13–14, 19– 20. Differences in structure of PMS. Note thickened and slightly swollen PMS (is) in N. arboricola (Figs 13–14) versus slender, conical PMS (cs) in N. macrocephala (Figs 19–20). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figures 31–40 in Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: descriptions of three new species of Teyl from Victoria (Araneae: Nemesiidae)

Figures 31–40. Teyl yeni sp. nov. Holotype, male. 31, dorsal view, carapace, chelicerae and abdomen; 32, sternal area and left maxilla; 33, eye group; 34, right tarsus I, prolaterodorsal; 35, right leg I, retrolateral, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus; 36, schematic dorsal spination right tibia I; 37, right metatarsus I, prolaterodorsal; 38, right palp, retrolateral; 39, right palp, prolateroventral; 40, schematic spination of right palp tibia, prolateral. Scale = 0.1 mm (figs 31, 32, 34, 35, 37–39); 0.5 mm (fig. 33); figs 36, 40 not to scale.

Figures 22–30 in Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: descriptions of three new species of Teyl from Victoria (Araneae: Nemesiidae)

Figures 22–30. Teyl walkeri sp. nov. Paratype (allotype), female. 22, carapace and chelicerae; 23, abdomen, dorsal view; 24, sternal area and maxillae; 25, right maxilla, proximal with cuspules; 26, right leg I ventral, tarsus, metatarsus and tibia; 27, right leg III dorsal, tarsus, metatarsus and tibia and patella; 28, right leg I, tarsal claws, p, prolateral, r, retrolateral; 29, genital lobe/aperture; 30, internal genitalia (spemathecae). Scale = 1.0 mm (figs 22–24, 26, 27); 0.5 mm (fig. 30); figs 25, 28, 29 not to scale.

Figures 1–9 in Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: descriptions of three new species of Teyl from Victoria (Araneae: Nemesiidae)

Figures 1–9. Teyl harveyi sp. nov. Holotype, male. 1, dorsal view, carapace, chelicerae and abdomen; 2, sternal area; 3, eye group; 4, apical region left chelicera; 5, right leg I, retrolateral view tarsus, metatarsus and tibia; 6, right leg I, tibia and metatarsus (ventral aspect of tibia); 7, tarsus and tibia of right palp, retrolateral; 8, tarsus and tibia of right palp, prolateral; 9, right palp tarsus and palpal organ, dorsal. Scale = 1.0 mm. (figs 1, 2, 5, 6, 9); 0.5 mm. (figs 3, 7, 8).

Figures 10–21 in Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: descriptions of three new species of Teyl from Victoria (Araneae: Nemesiidae)

Figures 10–21. Teyl walkeri sp. nov. Holotype, male. 10, carapace, chelicerae and abdomen, dorsal view; 11, sternal area and maxillae; 12, eye group; 13, left chelicera, pro-view; 14, leg I, tarsus, metatarsus, tibia, retrolateral view; 15, right leg I, tarsus, metatarsus, tibia, retroventral view; 16, right leg I, metatarsus and tibia prolateral view; 17–21, right palp; 17, tibia, tarsus and palpal organ, retrolateral; 18, same view as for 17, palpal tip enlarged; 19, tibia, tarsus and palpal organ, prolateral view; 20, tarsus and palpal organ, prolaterodorsal; 21, palpal organ (bulb and embolus) dorsal. Scale = 1.0 mm. (figs 10, 14–17, 19); 0.5 mm. (figs 11, 12); 13 and 18 not to scale.

Figs 248–253 in A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia

Figs 248–253. Live ♀♀ of Raveniola niedermeyeri (Brignoli, 1972) from the surroundings of Gorgan, Iran, and their retreats (images courtesy of Alireza Zamani). — 248. A retreat entrance (with covering stone turned over). 249–250. ♀ with an egg sac. 251. ♀ near the entrance of a retreat. 252–253. Two ♀♀ showing slightly different variants of the abdominal pattern.

Figs 242–247 in A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia

Figs 242–247. Raveniola spp., microhabitats of R. micropa (Ausserer, 1871) in Uludağ Mts (242– 243) and live spiders (244–247). — 244–246. ♀♀ of R. micropa (Ausserer, 1871) near their retreats. 247. Holotype, ♂ of R. mazanderanica Marusik, Zamani & Mirshamsi, 2014 (image courtesy of Alireza Zamani).

Figs 189–197 in A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia

Figs 189–197. Raveniola niedermeyeri species group, holotypic (189–192, 195–197) and conspecific (193–194) ♂♂. Details of palpal organ; retrolateral (189, 191, 194–195, 197) and ventral (190, 192–193, 196) views. — 189–190. R. mazandaranica Marusik, Zamani & Mirshamsi, 2014. 191, 192. R. marusiki sp. nov. 193–194. R. zaitzevi (Charitonov, 1948). 195–196. R. vonwicki Zonstein, 2000. 197. R. niedermeyeri (Brignoli, 1972). White arrows indicate low tibial mound with sensilla. Black arrows and contour lines show a dentate vestige of the embolic keel. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Figs 236–241 in A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia

Figs 236–241. Habitats of Raveniola niedermeyeri (Brignoli, 1972) (236–237), R. turcica sp. nov. (238) and R. micropa (Ausserer, 1871) (239–241). — 236–237. Iran, montane forests of Alborz Mts near Shirābād (image courtesy of Alireza Zamani). 238. Turkey, vicinity of Boyunlu Village, collecting locality. 239. Turkey, Oylat area. 240–241. Turkey, Uludağ Mts.

Figs 180–188 in A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia

Figs 180–188. Raveniola micropa species group, holotypic (180–181, 183–186) and conspecific (182, 187–188) ♂♂. Details of palpal organ; retrolateral (180, 182, 185, 187), ventral (181, 186, 188), retroventral (183) and prolateral (184) views. — 180–181. R. birecikensis sp. nov. 182. Same species as preceding (dwarf specimen?). 183. R. anadolu sp. nov. 184. R. arthuri Kunt & Yağmur, 2010. 185– 186. R. turcica sp. nov. 187–188. R. micropa (Ausserer, 1871). Scale bars: 0.25 mm.