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3 results for “Nerodia”
Leveraging preserved specimens of Nerodia to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola via quantitative polymerase chain reaction
<p><em>Ophidiomyces ophidiicola </em>(<em>Oo</em>) is a fungal pathogen and the causative agent of ophidiomycosis that has affected multiple snake taxa across the United States, Europe, and Asia. Ophidiomycosis<em> </em>has often been referred to as an emerging infectious disease (EID), however its status as an EID has recently come under debate. <em>Oo </em>infections have been confirmed in wild snake populations in Texas; however, it is unknown if the pathogen is novel (i.e., invasive) or endemic to the state. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted surveys for <em>Oo </em>among preserved <em>Nerodia </em>deposited at three university museums in Texas. First, we visually assessed snakes for signs of infection (SOI), and if SOI were present, we sampled the affected area. We then used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to diagnose the presence of <em>Oo </em>DNA on areas with SOI and used these data to evaluate spatiotemporal patterns of <em>Oo</em> prevalence. We also tested for significant spatial clusters of <em>Oo </em>infection using a Bernoulli probability model as implemented in the program SatScan. We found that the proportion of snakes exhibiting SOI was constant over time while the prevalence of <em>Oo </em>DNA among those SOI increased across space and time. Within these data, we detected an incidence pattern consistent with an introduction and then spread. We detected six spatial clusters of <em>Oo </em>infection, although only one was significant. Our results support the hypothesis that <em>Oo </em>was an emerging, novel pathogen to Texas snakes. These data narrow the knowledge gap regarding the history of <em>Oo</em> infections in Texas and establish a historical record of confirmed <em>Oo </em>detections in several counties across the state. Thus, our results will guide future research to those areas with evidence of past <em>Oo</em> infections but lacking confirmation in contemporary hosts.</p>
Data from: Comparative host-pathogen associations of Snake Fungal Disease in sympatric species of water snakes (Nerodia)
<p>The ascomycete fungus <em>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</em> (<em>Oo</em>) is the causative agent of ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease), which has been detected globally. However, surveillance efforts in the central U.S., specifically Texas, have been minimal. The threatened and rare Brazos water snake (<em>Nerodia harteri harteri</em>) is one of the most range restricted snakes in the U.S. and is sympatric with two wide-ranging congeners, <em>N. erythrogaster transversa</em> and <em>N. rhombifer</em>, in north central Texas; thus, providing an opportunity to test comparative host-pathogen associations in this system. To accomplish this, we surveyed a portion of the Brazos river drainage (~400 river km) over 29 months and tested 150 Nerodia individuals for the presence of <em>Oo </em>via quantitative PCR and recorded any potential signs of <em>Oo </em>infection. We found <em>Oo </em>was distributed across the entire range of <em>N. h. harteri,</em> <em>Oo</em> prevalence was 46% overall, and there was a significant association between <em>Oo </em>occurrence and signs of infection in our sample. Models indicated adults had a higher probability of <em>Oo </em>infection than juveniles and subadults, and adult <em>N. h. harteri</em> had a higher probability of infection than adult <em>N. rhombifer</em> but not higher than adult <em>N. e. transversa</em>. High <em>Oo </em>prevalence estimates (94.4%) in adult <em>N. h. harteri </em>has implications for their conservation and management owing to their patchy distribution, comparatively low genetic diversity, and threats from anthropogenic habitat modification.</p>
Data from: Comparative host-pathogen associations of Snake Fungal Disease in sympatric species of water snakes (Nerodia)
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