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32 results for “Nest density”
Figure 5 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 5. Sonograms of songs of four male Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) 5 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333471), including waveform, (b) 5 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333471), (c) 3 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333472), (d) 3 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333473). DW = descendent whistle. See Table 1 for signal measurements of marked notes.
Figure 4 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 4. (1) Approximate breeding range of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis in Mexico (sensu Howell & Webb 1995); (2) summer records in the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes, Guatemala, including recent nesting and other summer records (June–July 2016), and historic summer records (June 1897, van Rossem 1938); and (3) summer record from Sierra Madre range in June 2002 (J. Berry in Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). Chis. = Chiapas, Mexico, GT = Guatemala, HN = Honduras, SV = El Salvador. Inset map shows location of summer records of Savannah Sparrow in the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes (SLC) and Sierra Madre (SM) ranges in Guatemala.
Figure 3 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 3. Nesting evidence of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) nest with a single nestling, 2 July 2016 (a second nestling was found dead 20 cm from the nest); (b) recently fledged juvenile, barely able to fly, 3 July 2016, (c–d) two fledglings well able to fly, tail c.40% grown, 3 July 2016; (e) dependent juvenile with tail c.80% grown, 3 July 2016; and (f) immature, 27 August 2016 (Knut Eisermann)
Figure 2 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 2. Different adult Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei of a breeding population in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) lateral; (b) dorsal, 5 June 2016; and (c) frontal view showing the neatly marked median crown-stripe, 2 July 2016 (Knut Eisermann)
Figure 1 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 1. Habitat of a breeding population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei at 3,700 m in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, 5 June 2016; the undulating landscape, shaped by glaciers during the late Quaternary, is currently covered with grassland dominated by Muhlenbergia quadridentata (Poaceae) (Knut Eisermann)
Fig. 2 in Influence of altitude and seasonality in the termite species richness and nests density in a hill environment of the Brazilian Caatinga
Fig. 2. NMDS of species composition in foot and top of a hill environment in a dry forest, ParaÍba, Brazil (dimensions = 2).
Fig. 1 in Influence of altitude and seasonality in the termite species richness and nests density in a hill environment of the Brazilian Caatinga
Fig. 1. Rarefaction curves of the richness of termites and number of encounters in a hill environment of a dry forest, ParaÍba, Brazil. a) dry and b) wet seasons.
Data from: Density-dependent feedback across nested levels of organization in a social primate
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Early nest initiation and vegetation density enhance nest survival in Wild Turkeys
<p>The theory of adaptive habitat selection suggests resource selection by animals should reflect underlying quality, such that individual selection confers an adaptive advantage via increased fitness. Using resource selection functions and nest survival models, we demonstrated that visual obstruction at the nest site was adaptively significant but timing of nest initiation had the greatest effect on nest survival for eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Predation risk is a selective pressure, and if individuals can perceive predation risk, they may respond by altering selection of nest site characteristics based on prior experience. We evaluated patterns in nest site selection of 387 wild turkeys and consequences of selection on reproductive success across the southeastern United States from 2014-2019. We monitored 549 nest sites and found that nest initiation date had the strongest effect on daily nest survival rates, wherein adult females at our earliest nest initiation date were ~ 4 times more likely to successfully nest than females at our latest nest initiation dates. Selection of nest sites with greater visual obstruction also increased daily nest survival rates as females were 1.17 (1.100 – 1.234; 95% CI) and 1.37 (1.258 – 1.486; 95% CI) times more likely to select sites for every 10 cm increase in visual obstruction and maximum vegetation height, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that nest initiation date is likely the critical parameter driving wild turkey nest success, whereas vegetative conditions play a lesser role influencing nest success. Females nesting earlier may be in better body condition and show increased nest attentiveness, which may mediate nest success more than vegetation conditions around nest sites. Our work indicates that increasing the reproductive success of wild turkeys may hinge on females being able to nest as early as possible within the reproductive season.</p>
TABLE 1 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
<p>TABLE 1 Mean (± SD) and range of signal characteristics of songs of breeding Savannah Sparrows <i>Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei</i> in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, in June 2016, <i>n</i> = 37 songs of four males.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Song section (see Fig. 5)</b></th><th><b>Duration (seconds)</b></th><th><b>Peak frequency (kHz)</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Entire song (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>2.5 ± 0.3 (2.1–3.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Introduction:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Chip</i> note (<i>n</i> = 97)</th><td>0.06 ± 0.01 (0.04–0.12)</td><td>7.906 ± 202 (6.938 –8.250)</td></tr><tr><th>Middle section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Descending whistle (DW1) (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.10 ± 0.01 (0.08–0.11)</td><td>6.927 ± 132 (6.750 –7.125)</td></tr><tr><th>Trill (n = 37)</th><td>0.05 ± 0.01 (0.03–0.06)</td><td>6.471 ± 1.268 (4.125 –7.500)</td></tr><tr><th>Double <i>ch</i> note (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.08 ± 0.004 (0.07–0.10)</td><td>5.063 ± 378 (3.188 –5.625)</td></tr><tr><th>Dominant section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Buzz (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.60 ± 0.06 (0.5–0.8)</td><td>6.456 ± 646 (4.688 –6.938)</td></tr><tr><th>Terminal section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Descending whistle (DW2) (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.08 ± 0.005 (0.07–0.09)</td><td>7.566 ± 222 (7.313 –8.063)</td></tr><tr><th>Trill-whistle (n = 37)</th><td>0.29 ± 0.07 (0.16 – 0.39)</td><td>4.074 ± 355 (3.375 –4.313)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Grassland extensification enhances nest densities of ground-nesting wild bees
<ol> <li>Ground-nesting wild bees provide essential pollination services in agroecosystems, but they are jeopardized by intensive agricultural management. To mitigate such negative impacts, agri-environment schemes have been implemented. While the success of enhancing floral food resources is relatively well studied, the role of agri-environmental schemes in providing suitable nesting habitat remains underexplored.</li> <li>We studied the effectiveness of meadow extensification according to the Swiss agri-environment scheme in promoting nesting of ground-nesting bees. Using a paired design, we quantified their nests during four rounds (March-June) in pairs of nine randomly selected extensively (i.e. no fertilizer input, postponed first mowing) and nine intensively managed meadows with similar soil properties, slope, exposure and landscape context. Nest numbers and vegetation characteristics were surveyed in areas of 250 m<sup>2</sup>. Vegetation properties were also assessed in 0.5 m × 0.5 m plots around nest locations and randomly selected locations without nests within each meadow to assess their role as drivers of nesting incidence (nest presence/absence) at this plot scale.</li> <li>We found substantially higher nest numbers of ground-nesting bees in extensively (mean ± SE per sampling round = 46.8 ± 14.2) compared to intensively managed meadows (0.8 ± 0.3; no nests in three out of nine intensively managed meadows). Extensively managed meadows harboured nests of several dominant crop pollinator species, including aggregations of e.g. <em>Lasioglossum malachurum</em> contributing to high nest densities in some of them. Number of nests was negatively related to grass cover and vegetation height, which were lower in extensively compared to intensively managed meadows. Plot-level nesting incidence increased with bare ground and moss cover, and decreased with grass cover.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications.</em> Our study shows that extensively managed meadows are better nesting habitats for ground-nesting bees than intensively managed meadows, if reduced management intensity is associated with altered vegetation characteristics such as reduced grass cover and vegetation height, and small-scale availability of bare ground, driving these effects. This highlights that maintaining and promoting extensive management of meadows can promote ground-nesting wild bees, including dominant crop pollinators, not only by enhancing floral resources but also by improving nesting opportunities in agroecosystems.</li> </ol>
Bumble bee nest density is lower in drought years
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Grassland extensification enhances nest densities of ground-nesting wild bees
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Proximity to oil wells in North Dakota does not impact nest success of ducks but lowers nest densities
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Early nest initiation and vegetation density enhance nest survival in Wild Turkeys
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Remotely sensed forest understory density and nest predator occurrence interact to predict suitable breeding habitat and the occurrence of a resident boreal bird species
<p>Habitat suitability models (HSM) based on remotely sensed data are useful tools in conservation work. However, they typically use species occurrence data rather than robust demographic variables, and their predictive power is rarely evaluated. These shortcomings can result in misleading guidance for conservation. Here, we develop and evaluate a HSM based on correlates of long term breeding success of an open nest building boreal forest bird, the Siberian jay. In our study site in northern Sweden, nest failure of this permanent resident species is driven mainly by visually hunting corvids that are associated with human settlements. Parents rely on understory nesting cover as protection against these predators. Accordingly, our HSM includes a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) based metric of understory density around the nest and the distance of the nest to the closest settlement to predict breeding success. It reveals that a high understory density 15-80 m around nests is associated with increased breeding success in territories close to settlements (<1.5 km). Farther away from human settlements breeding success is highest at nest sites with a more open understory providing a favourable warmer microclimate. We validated this HSM by comparing the predicted breeding success with landscape-wide census data on Siberian jay occurrence. The correlation between breeding success and occurrence was strong up to 40 km around the study site. However, the HSM appears to overestimate breeding success in regions with a milder climate, and therefore higher corvid numbers. Our findings suggest that maintaining patches of small diameter trees may provide a cost-effective way to restore the breeding habitat for Siberian jays up to 1.5 km from human settlements. This distance is expected to increase in the warmer, southern, and coastal range of the Siberian jay where the presence of other corvids is to a lesser extent restricted to settlements.</p>
Data from: Variable drivers of primary versus secondary nesting: density-dependence and drought effects on greater sage-grouse
Organisms seek to maximize fitness by balancing reproductive allocations against mortality risk, given selection pressures inherent to the environment. However, environmental conditions are often dynamic and unpredictable, which complicates the ability to achieve such a balance, and may require reproductive adjustments depending on prevailing conditions. We evaluated the effects of density-dependent, density-independent (drought), and individual (age, body condition) factors on nesting decisions of female greater sage-grouse in the American Great Basin. We obtained relocations and recorded reproductive histories from 287 radio-marked females over a period of 10 yr, and applied these data to a multi-state model that estimated probabilities of initiating a first nest (primary nesting rate) or a second nest, given loss of a first (secondary nesting rate). This approach allowed us to evaluate the relative association between nesting rates and covariates while accounting for imperfect detection of nests. Sage-grouse primary and secondary nesting were influenced differently by density dependence and drought. Primary nesting was high and relatively constant among years despite variable drought conditions, but was negatively associated with population size (density dependence). Secondary nesting was lower and more variable compared to primary nesting, was similarly influenced by density-dependence, and was also sensitive to drought conditions. Females known to initiate second nests were in better body condition than females that only initiated first nests, and females of intermediate age had higher primary nesting rates, whereas secondary nesting was unaffected by age. Our results suggest that females were more flexible and responded more readily to changing conditions when allocating resources to second nests. These results are consistent with patterns that have been demonstrated for female allocation to clutch size in this system, and suggest that when conditions are poor second nests reflect a tipping point where reproductive costs (increased mortality) outweigh benefits (offspring reproductive value).
Data from: Tick infestation of chicks in a seabird colony varies with local breeding synchrony, local nest density and habitat structure
Parasites are a major risk for group-living animals and seabirds are notoriously susceptible to ectoparasite infestations because they commonly nest in dense colonies. Ticks parasitize seabirds across all biogeographical regions and they can be particularly harmful to nestlings, but the ecological factors that affect their transmission to chicks are little studied and poorly understood. Here we show that abundance of tick larvae in blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) broods varies with local nest synchrony and density, and also with habitat structure: abundance increased with local breeding synchrony, was linearly and quadratically related to local nest density, and was highest toward the southern end of the study area which has suitable (boulder-rich) habitat for ticks. Also, with increasing chick age infestation first increased and then declined. The results of this study highlight how local physical and social environmental factors influence infestation of seabird nestlings by ticks.
Data from: Spatiotemporal patterns of duck nest density and predation risk: a multi-scale analysis of 18 years and more than 10 000 nests
Many avian species are behaviorally-plastic in selecting nest sites, and may shift to new locations or habitats following an unsuccessful breeding attempt. If there is predictable spatial variation in predation risk, the process of many individuals using prior experience to adaptively change nest sites may scale up to create shifting patterns of nest density at a population level. We used 18 years of waterfowl nesting data to assess whether there were areas of consistently high or low predation risk, and whether low-risk areas increased, and high-risk areas decreased in nest density the following year. We created kernel density maps of successful and unsuccessful nests in consecutive years and found no correlation in predation risk and no evidence for adaptive shifts, although nest density was correlated between years. We also examined between-year correlations in nest density and nest success at three smaller spatial scales: individual nesting fields (10–28 ha), 16-ha grid cells and 4-ha grid cells. Here, results were similar across all scales: we found no evidence for year-to-year correlation in nest success but found strong evidence that nest density was correlated between years, and areas of high nest success increased in nest density the following year. Prior research in this system has demonstrated that areas of high nest density have higher nest success, and taken together, our results suggest that ducks may adaptively select nest sites based on the local density of conspecifics, rather than the physical location of last year's nest. In unpredictable environments, current cues, such as the presence of active conspecific nests, may be especially useful in selecting nest sites. The cues birds use to select breeding locations and successfully avoid predators deserve continued attention, especially in systems of conservation concern.
Data from: Linking songbird nest predation to seedling density: sugar maple masting as a resource pulse in a forest food web
The ecological literature presents considerable evidence for top-down forcing on the maintenance of species diversity. Yet, in temperate forests, bottom-up forces often exert a strong influence on ecosystem functioning. Here, we report on the indirect influence of a pulsed resource, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seed production, on nest survival in a migratory songbird. We hypothesized that seed production in year t would determine daily nest survival rate in year t + 1 through its effects on seed-eating rodents. We used the density of sugar maple seedlings (with cotyledons) in year t + 1 as a proxy for seed production in year t and predicted that it would be inversely related to songbird nest survival the same year. We estimated the density of sugar maple seedlings, eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) activity, and daily nest survival rate in the ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) over four successive years in a northern hardwood forest of New Brunswick, Canada. Seedling density varied by two orders of magnitude between years, whereas an index of chipmunk activity changed by an order of magnitude. Both variables were positively correlated and negatively correlated to daily nest survival rate. A logistic-exposure model including only seedling density received the greatest level of support (lowest AICc). Previous studies have reported the effect of sugar maple masting on seed-eating rodent populations, but the strong link we report between seedling density and songbird nest survival is novel. A nocturnal seed-eating nest predator, deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), was not considered in our models, which may explain why chipmunk was not the best predictor of daily nest survival rate. The trophic linkages we observed are remarkably strong for a temperate forest ecosystem and might become more prevalent in northeastern North America, at least on calcium-rich soils, with the loss of large-diameter beech trees as a result of beech bark disease.
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