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11 results for “New World warbler”
Data from: New insights into New World biogeography: an integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies
Understanding the biogeographic origins and temporal sequencing of groups within a region or of lineages within an ecosystem can yield important insights into evolutionary dynamics and ecological processes. Fifty years ago, Ernst Mayr generated comprehensive—if limited—inferences about the origins of the New World avifaunas, including the importance of pre-Isthmian dispersal between North and South America. Since then, methodological advances have improved our ability to address many of the same questions, but the phylogenies upon which such analyses should be based have been incompletely sampled or fragmentary. Here, we report a near-species-level phylogeny of the diverse (~832 species) New World clade Emberizoidea—the group that includes the familiar sparrows, cardinals, blackbirds, wood-warblers, tanagers, and their close relatives—to our knowledge the largest essentially complete (≥95%) phylogenetic hypothesis for any group of organisms. Biogeographic analyses based on this tree suggest initial dispersal into the New World via Beringia, with rapid subsequent diversification, including early dispersal of 1 lineage (the tanagers, Thraupidae) into South America. We found substantial dispersal between North and South America prior to closure of the Isthmus of Panama, but with a notable increase afterward, with a directional bias from north to south. With much greater detail and historical rigor, these analyses largely confirm Mayr's speculations based on taxonomy, resolving outstanding ambiguity regarding the continental origins of some groups such as the Emberizidae and Icteridae. The phylogeny reported here will be a resource of broad utility for addressing additional evolutionary and ecological questions with this diverse group.
Data from: Habitat suitability and the constraints of migration in New World warblers
Identifying the factors that influence geographic range limits can illustrate the various ecological, physiological, and evolutionary constraints imposed on a species. The range limits of migratory birds are particularly challenging to study as they occur in disjunct regions at different times of the year, which can impose different constraints. Travel between breeding and wintering regions poses a significant energetic and navigational challenge to birds, although it is not clear how these movements influence breeding dispersal and range expansion. Here I ask whether the possible costs of migration limit the breeding ranges of wood warblers, a group of birds with an extensive history of ecological and evolutionary studies. I used occurrence records for multiple wood warbler species, breeding primarily in the boreal forest of North America, to generate environmental niche models. I tested for over-prediction of habitat suitability into the western boreal forest, where most these species do not have occurrence records but where there is presumably suitable habitat. I found that these vagile taxa, primarily found east of the Rocky Mountains, also have predicted habitat suitability that extends into the north and west, where they have little to no occurrence records. I discuss several possible explanations for this discordance. In particular, the patterns are consistent with the costs of a long-distance migration limiting the benefits of range expansion, as migration may become too onerous as the distance between breeding and wintering areas increases. These results speak to the process of niche filling more generally and call attention to an under-appreciated explanation for why migratory species may not fully occupy their fundamental niche.
FIGURES 9–15. 9–11 in Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from New World warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species
FIGURES 9–15. 9–11. Myrsidea paleno sp. nov. 9. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 10, Male sternite II. 11. Male genital sac sclerite. 12–15. Myrsidea zeledoni sp. nov. 12. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 13. Male sternite II. 14. Male genital sac sclerite. 15. Distorted male genital sac sclerite. Scales 0.50 mm (Figs. 9, 12), 0.10 mm (Figs. 10, 13), 0.05 mm (Figs. 11, 14, 15).
FIGURES 1–8. 1–4 in Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from New World warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species
FIGURES 1–8. 1–4. Myrsidea basileuteri sp. nov. 1. Hypopharyngeal sclerites. 2. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 3, Male sternite II. 4. Male genital sac sclerite. 5–8. Myrsidea myiobori sp. nov. 5. Hypopharyngeal sclerites. 6. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 7. Male sternite II. 8. Male genital sac sclerite. Scales 0.50 mm (Figs. 2, 6), 0.10 mm (Figs. 3, 7), 0.05 mm (Figs. 1, 4, 5, 8).
Data from: Habitat suitability and the constraints of migration in New World warblers
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Data from: New insights into New World biogeography: an integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies
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Morphological traits influence food choice by coexisting New World warbler (Parulidae) species
<p>New World wood warblers (Parulidae) represent one of the most dramatic adaptive radiations in North America. However, the ecological bases for these species' evolved morphological differences remain poorly understood, especially considering how many foraging and habitat studies the family has inspired. We hypothesized relationships between morphology and diet in parulids. We combined a principal component analysis (PCA) of 18 external morphological traits from 11 species with stomach content data from coexisting species in one breeding community in Louisiana and three wintering communities in Jamaica. The primary morphological differences, corresponding with the first three PCA axes, were body size, morphological adaptations for aerial foraging versus gleaning, and arboreal versus ground adaptations. Our analysis revealed little morphological overlap among all 11 species. Diet differences among the bird species showed a significant relationship to the first two PCA axes of morphological traits. For five coexisting, foliage-gleaning species wintering in Jamaican wet limestone forest, larger warblers ate larger beetles and Orthopterans but not larger ants. In analyses including all four communities, warbler species with aerial foraging morphologies consumed a greater proportion of winged insects than other warbler species. Overall, our results indicate that food and foraging have likely played an integral role in the morphological diversification and coexistence of Parulidae.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of Rh2 opsins in birds demonstrate an episode of accelerated evolution in the New World warblers (Setophaga)
Low rates of sequence evolution associated with purifying selection can be interrupted by episodic changes in selective regimes. Visual pigments are a unique system in which we can investigate the functional consequences of genetic changes, therefore connecting genotype to phenotype in the context of natural and sexual selection pressures. We study the RH2 and RH1 visual pigments (opsins) across 22 bird species belonging to two ecologically convergent clades, the New World warblers (Parulidae) and Old World warblers (Phylloscopidae) and evaluate rates of evolution in these clades along with data from 21 additional species. We demonstrate generally slow evolution of these opsins: both Rh1 and Rh2 are highly conserved across Old World and New World warblers. However, Rh2 underwent a burst of evolution within the New World genus Setophaga, where it accumulated substitutions at 6 amino acid sites across the species we studied. Evolutionary analyses revealed a significant increase in dN/dS in Setophaga, implying relatively strong selective pressures to overcome long-standing purifying selection. We studied the effects of each substitution on spectral tuning and found they do not cause large spectral shifts. Thus, substitutions may reflect other aspects of opsin function, such as those affecting photosensitivity and/or dark–light adaptation. Although it is unclear what these alterations mean for colour perception, we suggest that rapid evolution is linked to sexual selection, given the exceptional plumage colour diversification in Setophaga.
Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of Rh2 opsins in birds demonstrate an episode of accelerated evolution in the New World warblers (Setophaga)
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Morphological traits influence food choice by coexisting New World warbler (Parulidae) species
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Evolution of breeding plumages in birds: a multiple-step pathway to seasonal dichromatism in New World Warblers (Aves: Parulidae)
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