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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Viral Culture in Early Nineteenth-Century Europe newspaper dataset

Dataset produced during the project Viral Culture in Early Nineteenth-Century Europe. The project traced text reuse by analysing large OCR'd newspaper collections using a BLAST based algorithm. This algorithm produces text clusters. This dataset contains two produced cluster datasets based on two different data collections. For the first dataset, the Austrian ANNO newspaper collection, this dataset contains metadata describing the used newspapers. For the second dataset, German-language newspapers in the Europeana collection, this dataset contains project produced metadata describing the newspapers used by the project, as well as the OCR's content for these newspaper issues. The OCR is produced with Tesseract OCR from digital page images downloaded from the Europeana services.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in Short communication Antecedent description and depiction of the recently described cetacean behaviour of trap/tread-water feeding inferred from a nineteenth-century sighting of a 'sea monster' in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Fig. 1 - Illustration of a nineteenth-century encounter with a purported sea monster observed in the Gulf of Suez (Andrews, 1879). The vertical body position and open mouth of what is obviously a baleen whale (the rightward animal in the group) closely resembles the photographs and digital reconstructions of the recently described, so-called 'new' or 'first' descriptions of the stationary hunting behaviour of trap/tread-water feeding, as shown in Iwata et al. (2017), McMillan et al. (2018), McCarthy et al. (2023a, 2023b), and Lu (2023). The illustration, drawn in concordance to the eyewitness report, is emblematic of the instance of such whales 'rapidly closing them [their mouths] to trap prey' (McCarthy et al., 2023a). Note the presence of seabirds, something common to all modern recorded instances of such feeding documented in humpback whales, an association which may be related to shoaling fish being driven to seek the apparent shelter of the whale's open mouth (McMillan et al., 2018).

FIG. 11 in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 11. – Distal measurements of right cattle metatarsals (following von den Driesch 1976). Elements from immature individuals (un- fused) are here included with those from mature individuals (fused, with fusion taking place between 2-2.5 years of age [Grigson 1982: 22]). The division in size between older, smaller individuals and younger, larger ones may also represent a break between older females and younger males (figure created by Cerisa R. Reynolds).

FIG. 10 in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 10. – Each cattle skull from within Plum Grove's Bone Feature exhibits impact fractures indicative of blunt force trauma, indicating that each individual was killed in the same manner. These impact fractures are clearly visible in this photograph of five of the Fea- ture's cattle skulls (photograph courtesy of William E. Whittaker).

FIG. 3 in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 3. – Project location in relation the to surrounding topography, highlighting Plum Grove's location within Iowa City as well as Iowa City's location within the state of Iowa. Base map is aerial photo- graph from ISUGISSRF (2011); figure created by Bryan Kendall.

FIG. 1 in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 1. – Map of the contiguous U.S., with the main course of the Mississippi River highlighted in a thicker grey line. As the site this paper focuses on is located in Iowa City, Iowa, this city is also identified here as a grey circle (map from United-States-Map.com; modified by Cerisa R. Reynolds).

FIG. 2. – A in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 2. – A map of railways across the contiguous United States in 1870, with Iowa City, Iowa, and Chicago, Illinois, highlighted (map from http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/19-century/railroads-1870.jpg; adapted by Cerisa R. Reynolds).

FIG. 6. – A in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 6. – A map of the Plum Grove Historic Farm house and the Bone Feature,identifying where unit excavations have been carried out and where testing indicates the extent of the Bone Feature. As is visible here, the Bone Feature is parallel to and runs to the east of the Plum Grove house (figure created by Bryan Kendall).

FIG. 5 in Nineteenth-century butchery and transport for a market economy: Plum Grove as a case study for commercial transactions in the Midwestern USA

FIG. 5. – The northern face of the Plum Grove house, taken in 2010. The Bone Feature discussed throughout this paper was identified roughly 4-5m east (here, to the left) of the house (photography courtesy of William E. Whittaker). Additional photographs of the site as well as digital reconstructions of the property as it would have looked at various times throughout history can be seen at: http://www.uiowa.edu/~plumgrov/index.html.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Nineteenth-century collapse of a benthic marine ecosystem on the open continental shelf

The soft-sediment seafloor of the open continental shelf is among the least-known biomes on Earth, despite its high diversity and importance to fisheries and biogeochemical cycling. Abundant dead shells of epifaunal suspension-feeding terebratulid brachiopods (Laqueus) and scallops on the now-muddy mainland continental shelf of southern California reveal the recent, previously unsuspected extirpation of an extensive offshore shell-gravel ecosystem, evidently driven by anthropogenic siltation. Living populations of attached epifauna, which formerly existed in a middle- and outer-shelf mosaic with patches of trophically diverse muds, are restricted today to rocky seafloor along the shelf edge and to the sandier shelves of offshore islands. Geological age-dating of 190 dead brachiopod shells shows that (i) no shells have been produced on the mainland shelf within the last 100 years, (ii) their shell production declined steeply during the nineteenth century, and (iii) they had formerly been present continuously for at least 4 kyr. This loss, sufficiently rapid (less than or equal to 100 years) and thorough to represent an ecosystem collapse, coincides with intensification of alluvial-plain land use in the nineteenth century, particularly livestock grazing. Extirpation was complete by the start of twentieth-century urbanization, warming, bottom fishing and scientific surveys. The loss of this filter-feeding fauna and the new spatial homogeneity and dominance of deposit- and detritus-feeders would have altered ecosystem functioning by reducing habitat heterogeneity and seawater filtering. This discovery, attesting to the power of this geological approach to recent ecological transitions, also strongly increases the spatial scope attributable to the negative effects of siltation, and suggests that it has been under-recognized on continental shelves elsewhere as a legacy of coastal land use.

Figure 1 in George Lyell and Frederick Parkhurst Dodd: authority and expertise in nineteenth-century Australian entomology

Figure 1. George Lyell as a young man.

Figure 4 in George Lyell and Frederick Parkhurst Dodd: authority and expertise in nineteenth-century Australian entomology

Figure 4. Aenetus mirabilis Rothschild (female).

Figure 2 in George Lyell and Frederick Parkhurst Dodd: authority and expertise in nineteenth-century Australian entomology

Figure 2. Dudgeonea actinias Turner.

Figure 3 in George Lyell and Frederick Parkhurst Dodd: authority and expertise in nineteenth-century Australian entomology

Figure 3. Seven specimens of Dudgeonea actinias Turner.

Figure 5. F. P in George Lyell and Frederick Parkhurst Dodd: authority and expertise in nineteenth-century Australian entomology

Figure 5. F. P. Dodd in his garden at Kuranda. Image courtesy of Queensland Museum.