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23 results for “North American Deserts”
Fig. 7 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 7. Comparison of silhouettes of the velociraptorine skulls from different sites of the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. A. Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, ZPAL MgD-I/97. B, D, E. Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924. B. AMNH FARB 6515. D. MPC-D 100/25. E. MPC-D 100/54. C. Velociraptor sp. MPC-D 100/982. F. "Velociraptor" osmolskae Godefroit, Currie, Li, Shang, and Dong, 2008, IMM 99NM-BYM-3/3. G. Linheraptor exquisitus Xu, Choinere, Pittman, Tan, Xiao, Li, Tan, Clark, Norell, Hone, and Sullivan, 2010, IVPP V16923. H. Tsaagan mangas Norell, Clark, Turner, Makovicky, Barsbold, and Rowe, 2006, MPC-D 100/1015. Known elements from any side of the specimen are in grey. Lines present some of the features distinguishing S. devi from other velociraptorines: the maximum height of the antorbital fenestra and its perpendicular projection showing elongation of the fenestra (red lines), the position of the last maxillary alveoli (blue), the anteriormost projection of the quadratojugal (green), and the position of the ventral margin of the external mandibular fenestra (purple).
Fig. 6 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, among the dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Values of the antorbital fenestra elongation (measured as the ratio of the posterior margin height to the longitudinal length) and elongation of the maxilla (measured as the ratio of the maxilla length to its height; data after Powers et al. 2022) are mapped on the 50% majority rule consensus trees generated from the modified data matrices of Powers et al. 2022 (A), and Napoli et al. 2021 (B). White rectangles represent the missing data.
Fig. 9 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 9. Artistic post-mortem reconstruction of the Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, individual represented by a specimen ZPAL MgD-I/97 before its final burial. Artwork by Jakub Zalewski (CC BY-NC-ND-3.0).
Fig. 5 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 5. Results of the PCA for the linear measurements of maxilla (A) and pes (B) for the velociraptorines from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Blue dots represent specimens from the Djadokhta strata, orange from the Baruungoyot strata, green from Ukhaa Tolgod, and black and grey from Bayan Mandahu.
Fig. 3 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 3. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Photographs (A1, A2, A4, A5) and 3D model (A3, A6, A7) obtained from the CT scan of the left side of the skull in dorsal (A1), medial (A2, A3), anterior (A6), and lateral (A7) views. Elements of the left palate in dorsal (A4) and ventral (A5) views. Right maxilla in the lateral (A8, A9) and anterior (A10) views, with the margin of the antorbital fenestra indicated by dashed lines, and the close up of the fifth (A11) and the second (A12) preserved tooth in labial views showing very weakly developed denticles on the mesial carina. Right mandible in the lateral (A13, A14) and medial (A15, A16) views. B. Explanatory drawings of the skull in left (B1) and right (B2) lateral views with the preserved bones (in grey).
Fig. 4 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 4. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. A. Left metatarsus in anterior (A1, A2) and posterior (A3, A4) views, and phalanges of digit IV (A5), digit III (A6), digit II (A7), and digit I (A8) in medial views, metatarsal I in anterior view (A8). Ungual III-4 is presented as a 3D model obtained from the CT scan. B. Plot presenting the elongation of II-3 in relation to the length of metatarsal II in dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Blue dots represent specimens from the Djadokhta strata, orange from the Baruungoyot strata, black from Bayan Mandahu, and white from North America.
Fig. 8 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 8. Reconstruction of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, based on ZPAL MgD-I/97 and MPC-D 100/980. A. Skull; missing elements reconstructed on the base of Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924 (MPC-D 100/25 and MPC-D 100/54). B. Whole body silhouette with known remains of the holotype and referred material. Silhouette based on V. mongoliensis drawn by J.A. Headden (Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-3.0).
Fig. 2 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms
Fig. 2. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Specimen prior to the preparation work (A1), and the 3D model of the skeleton, based on the CT and surface scanner data, with elements arranged as originally found (A2).
Linked collectors and determiners for: A new North American species of Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Mohave desert of Eastern California and Western Nevada..
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "A new North American species of Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Mohave desert of Eastern California and Western Nevada.". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/aa9cb7c9-ff48-4715-b540-5dd5d4fe5e18">https://bionomia.net/dataset/aa9cb7c9-ff48-4715-b540-5dd5d4fe5e18</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/aa9cb7c9-ff48-4715-b540-5dd5d4fe5e18">https://gbif.org/dataset/aa9cb7c9-ff48-4715-b540-5dd5d4fe5e18</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: Genomic divergence in allopatric Northern Cardinals of the North American warm deserts is linked to behavioral differentiation
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Comparative phylogeography of phrynosomatid lizards in Baja California: Asynchronous divergences and expansion of <em>Callisaurus draconoides</em> across the North American deserts
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Community phylogeographic patterns reveal how a barrier filters and structures taxa in North American warm deserts
Aim: The study of biogeographic barriers has been instrumental in understanding the evolution and distribution of taxa. With the increasing availability of empirical datasets, emergent patterns can be inferred from communities by synthesizing how barriers filter and structure populations across species. We assemble phylogeographic data across a barrier and perform spatially-explicit simulations to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of divergence, the influence of species traits on these patterns, and the statistical power needed to differentiate alternative diversification modes. Location: North America Methods: We incorporate published datasets to examine taxa around the Cochise Filter Barrier, separating the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America, to synthesize phylogeographic structuring across the community with respect to organismal functional traits. We then use simulation and machine learning to assess the power of phylogeographic model selection. Results: Taxa distributed across the Cochise Filter Barrier show heterogeneous responses to the barrier in levels of gene flow, phylogeographic structure, divergence timing, barrier width, and divergence mechanism. These responses correlate with locomotor and thermoregulatory traits. Many taxa show a Pleistocene population genetic break, often with introgression after divergence. Allopatric isolation and isolation-by-environment are the primary mechanisms structuring genetic divergence within taxa. Simulations reveal that in spatially-explicit isolation-with-migration models across the barrier, age of divergence, presence of gene flow, and presence of isolation-by-distance can confound the interpretation of evolutionary history and model selection by producing easily-confusable results. We re-analyze five empirical genetic datasets to illustrate the utility of these simulations despite these constraints. Main Conclusions: By synthesizing phylogeographic data for the Cochise Filter Barrier we show that barriers interact with species traits to differentiate taxa in communities over millions of years. Identifying diversification modes across the barrier for these taxa remains challenging because commonly invoked demographic models may not be identifiable across a range of likely parameter space.
Data from: Asynchronous diversification of snakes in the North American warm deserts
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Community phylogeographic patterns reveal how a barrier filters and structures taxa in North American warm deserts
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Long-term relationships between seed banks and wildfire across four North American desert sites
It is well documented that the recovery of dryland plant communities following wildfire can be variable, and that legacies of fire can have long lasting effects on aboveground plant communities. However, our understanding of the degree to which dryland soil seed banks, or the viable seeds in situ, are impacted by fire and their subsequent post-fire succession remains extremely poor. To address this important knowledge gap, we used a time-since-fire approach to investigate soil seed bank community changes approximately 15 and 30 years after wildfire and to determine the influence of microsites (e.g., shrub vs. interspace) on seed bank composition. We assessed soil seed bank metrics across four North American deserts, including two cold desert sites (Colorado Plateau and Great Basin) and two warm desert sites (Chihuahuan and Sonoran). In greenhouse emergence trials, we found that seed bank characteristics diverged between warm and cold desert sites, such that warm desert sites had seed banks dominated by annual plants while our cold desert sites had seed banks with greater proportions of perennial species, regardless of fire history. In cold desert sites, fire significantly altered seed bank species composition even 30 years after fire. Shrub versus interspace microsites had no observed influence on seed bank composition in any desert. However, seed bank species richness was greater under shrubs in both warm deserts. Non-native species were present in the seed banks of all deserts, and some were particularly abundant in the burned sites. Despite the presence of native species in both burned and unburned seed banks, the presence of non-native species suggests some degree of vulnerability to future disturbances because fire can create positive feedbacks with many non-native plants. Our results highlight strong differences in fires’ relationship with seed banks for warm and cold desert sites and lend insight into how fire relates to the composition and diversity of the s
Data from: Investigating sensitivity of phylogenetic community structure metrics using North American desert bats
A relatively recent approach to characterizing structure of natural communities is to use phylogenies of species pools to compare patterns of relatedness between real and simulated communities. Such an approach can provide mechanistic insights into structure. Despite popularity of phylogenetic approaches, we do not yet fully understand how phylogenetic community structure (PCS) metrics might be impacted by changes to the phylogeny or community membership data from which they are calculated. We investigate metric sensitivity and examine PCS of bats from the 4 great desert regions of North America. We inferred a phylogeny of the regional species pool to calculate PCS metrics using community membership data delimited using 3 different methods. We also randomized our phylogeny to determine how reasonable changes to the tree affect PCS metrics. Overall, PCS metrics are quite robust to moderate changes in the phylogeny from which they are calculated. These metrics also are fairly insensitive to our 3 methods of delimiting communities. Additionally, we found that in general, communities are significantly phylogenetically clustered, suggesting habitat filtering has been important in community assembly.
Data from: Phylogeographic diversification of antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus) across North American deserts
We investigated the biogeographic history of antelope squirrels, genus Ammospermophilus, which are widely distributed across the deserts and other arid lands of western North America. We combined range-wide sampling of all currently recognized species of Ammospermophilus with a multilocus data set to infer phylogenetic relationships. We then estimated divergence times within identified clades of Ammospermophilus using fossil-calibrated and rate-calibrated molecular clocks. Lastly, we explored generalized distributional changes of Ammospermophilus since the last glacial maximum using species distribution models, and assessed responses to Quaternary climate change by generating demographic parameter estimates for the three wide-ranging clades of A. leucurus. From our phylogenetic estimates we inferred strong phylogeographic structure within Ammospermophilus and the presence of three well-supported major clades. Initial patterns of historical divergence were coincident with dynamic alterations in the landscape of western North America, and the formation of regional deserts during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Species distribution models and demographic parameter estimates revealed patterns of recent population expansion in response to glacial retreat. When combined with evidence from co-distributed taxa, the historical biogeography of Ammospermophilus provides additional insight into the mechanisms that impacted diversification of arid-adapted taxa across the arid lands of western North America. We propose species recognition of populations of the southern Baja California peninsula to best represent our current understanding of evolutionary relationships among genetic units of Ammospermophilus.
Data from: Stream hierarchy defines riverscape genetics of a North American desert fish
Global climate change is apparent within the Arctic and the south-western deserts of North America, with record drought in the latter reflected within 640 000 km2 of the Colorado River Basin. To discern the manner by which natural and anthropogenic drivers have compressed Basin-wide fish biodiversity, and to establish a baseline for future climate effects, the Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) was employed to juxtapose fluvial topography against molecular diversities of 1092 Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus). MtDNA revealed three geomorphically defined evolutionarily significant units (ESUs): Bonneville Basin, upper Little Colorado River and the remaining Colorado River Basin. Microsatellite analyses (16 loci) reinforced distinctiveness of the Bonneville Basin and upper Little Colorado River, but subdivided the Colorado River Basin into seven management units (MUs). One represents a cline of three admixed gene pools comprising the mainstem and its lower-gradient tributaries. Six others are not only distinct genetically but also demographically (i.e. migrants/generation <9.7%). Two of these (i.e. Grand Canyon and Canyon de Chelly) are defined by geomorphology, two others (i.e. Fremont-Muddy and San Raphael rivers) are isolated by sharp declivities as they drop precipitously from the west slope into the mainstem Colorado/Green rivers, another represents an isolated impoundment (i.e. Ringdahl Reservoir), while the last corresponds to a recognized subspecies (i.e. Zuni River, NM). Historical legacies of endemic fishes (ESUs) and their evolutionary potential (MUs) are clearly represented in our data, yet their arbiter will be the unrelenting natural and anthropogenic water depletions that will precipitate yet another conservation conflict within this unique but arid region.
Data from: Investigating sensitivity of phylogenetic community structure metrics using North American desert bats
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Data from: Phylogenetic community structure of North American desert bats: influence of environment at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales
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