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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

One and a half million yearlong aridity during the middle Eocene in north-west China linked to a global cooling episode

Here we present new paleoclimate data from the Eocene red clay sequence deposited between 40 and 50 Ma in Altun Shan at the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. After building an age model using a compilation of magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy, we demonstrate that our record of magnetic susceptibility in the Altun Shan red clay exhibits variations linked to eccentricity cycles. Our age model allows us to estimate the age of eight short geomagnetic events, cryprochrons, in Altun Shan. Further we show that the aridification interval in Altun Shan coincides with (i) a cooling event recorded in the global oxygen isotope record, (ii) a sea surface temperature record on the east Tasmanian plateau, and (iii) an aridity record in the surrounding sedimentary basins of Central Asia. The middle Eocene aridity and cooling reached its maximum 45.5-44 Ma.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Dataset for ozone imacts on NPP in the North China Plain

Ozone pollution led to an average 25% decrease in NPP in the North China Plain (NCP). This decline is consistent with previous estimates that ranged from 10% to 25%. Productivity of forest trees, crops, and grasses declined significantly, ranging from 36.7% to 47.1%. These results have implications for Chinese crops, as lower crop productivity can negatively affect crop yields. Our study highlights the urgent need for action to mitigate the detrimental effects of ozone pollution on ecosystem health and productivity.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Dataset for ozone imacts on NPP in the North China Plain

Fig. 1 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm.

Fig. 8 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm.

Fig. 7 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm).

Fig. 6 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →

Fig. 5 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars: A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of shell and shale fabrics as well as mineral elemental analyses of matrix from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, fine grained clay minerals and hematite crystals in the matrix (A1). Tabular crystals of hematite forming rosette-shaped aggregations in the matrix (A2, A3); the cross in A2 shows the location of elemental analysis (A4). B. NIGPAS 166339a, skeleton coated with hematite. C. NIGPAS 166337, halite pseudomorphs distributed on the surface of undetermined fossil (C1), calcite imprints in the matrix (C2). Scale bars: A1, A2, C2, 2 μm; A3, 1 μm; B, 10 μm; C1, 50 μm.

Fig. 3 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

North China Record-Breaking Rainfall of July 2021 tied to the Arctic Sea-ice change

1、General Introduction: This dataset includes the model simulation data used in the article going to be submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, named “North China Record-Breaking Rainfall of July 2021 tied to the Arctic Sea-ice change”. The Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5; Neale et al., 2012) in the Community Earth System Model, version 1.2.1 (CESM1.2.1) with a 1.9◦ ×2.5◦ finite volume grid and 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels is utilized to conduct atmospheric model experiments. To validate the impact of the Arctic sea-ice, the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5; Neale et al., 2012) in the Community Earth System Model, version 1.2.1 (CESM1.2.1) with a 1.9◦ ×2.5◦ finite volume grid and 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels is adopted. Two experiments are designed. One is called the control experiment (CTL). In this experiment, the model is forced by the seasonal-varying climatology of SST and SIC as the lower boundary forcing. Another is called the sensitivity experiment (SEN). This experiment is the same as the CTL except that SIC and SST over the Barents-East Siberian Sea region (50°–165°E, 70°–80°N) in June and July are set to be the observational values in 2021. Both the CTL and SEN experiments are integrated for 35 years including a 10-year spin-up, whilst the last 25-year ensemble mean is analyzed in the article. The differences between the SEN and CTL experiments (SEN-CTL) reflect the atmospheric responses to the reduced SIC and increased SST over the Barents-East Siberian Sea region in June-July 2021. 2、Description of this dataset: CTL represents the control experiment while SEN represents the sensitive experiment. OMEGA, PRECC, PRECL, T, U, V, Z3, and TS denote the vertical velocity, convective precipitation rate, large-scale (stable) precipitation rate, temperature, zonal wind, meridional wind, geopotential height, and surface temperature respectively. All files contain a time coverage from 1 to 35 model-year with a monthly time resolution. The post-processing from 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels to 17 pressure levels has been conducted on the raw data of the model simulations for the variables of OMEGA, T, U, V, and Z3.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).

Fig. 2 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 2. Alternating dark purple mudstone and sandstone yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. A. Vertical face. B. Surface of bed, showing the gutter cast; not circled trilobite. The length of both hammers is 28 cm.

Fig. 6 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 6. Reconstructions of the dorsal exoskeleton and life cycle of Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. Meraspid degree 4. B. Late meraspid stage. C. Early holaspid stage. D. Late holaspid stage.

Fig. 4 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 4. Ontogenetic series of a ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172113, complete exoskeleton in meraspid degree 4. B–F. Complete meraspid stage cranidia. B–E. NIGPAS 172114a–d, respectively. F. NIGPAS 172116. G–Q. Holaspid cranidia. G. NIGPAS 172115. H–K. NIGPAS 172117–172120, respectively. L. NIGPAS 172123. M, N. NIGPAS 172121, 172122, respectively. O. NIGPAS 172124. P. NIGPAS 172106. Q. NIGPAS 172125. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B–D, I, J, 1 mm; E–H, K–Q, 2 mm.

Fig. 5. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 5. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172126 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172127 (paratype), incomplete exoskeleton. C. NIGPAS 172128 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton showing enrollment. D–G. Pygidium, NIGPAS 172129. 172130, 172115, 172131, respectively. H. NIGPAS 172132, moult assemblage consisting of a disarticulated cranidium, librigenae, and thoracic segments. I–M. Librigenae, NIGPAS 172133, 172134, 172135, 172136, 172104, respectively; M2, reconstruction of the librigena in M1. Scale bars A–C, 5 mm; D–M, 2 mm.

Fig. 1. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of studied area (star) in Shandong Province, North China. B. General geological setting of the middle Cambrian Longgang section. C. Upper part of the Honghe Member of the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation in the Longgang section, viewed from the west. Arrow is pointed to the person for scale. D. Stratigraphic column for the Honghe and Upper Shale members and the major trilobite horizons in the Longgang section. Alternative spelling of Zhangxia is Changhia. Arrow indicates the bed yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 3. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 3. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172104 (holotype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172105 (paratype), nearly complete cranidium. C. NIGPAS 172106 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cranidium. D. NIGPAS 172107 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete, holaspid-stage exoskeleton. E. NIGPAS 172108 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cephalon. F. NIGPAS 172109 (paratype), internal mould of specimen in E. G–I. NIGPAS 172111, 172110, 172112, cranidia. Scale bars 5 mm.