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FIGURE 2 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 2. Left and right mandibles of holotype of Eomorphippus neilopdykei, SGOPV 2855, preserving Ri1–3, p2–m3 (m3 inadvertently trimmed during preparation), Li1-3, p2–m1, in A, occlusal and B, ventral views. Note hypsodonty of incisors.

FIGURE 1 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 1. Photographs of cast, and line drawings of holotype of Eomorphippus bondi, SGOPV 3046, a partial skull bearing left I1–3, C, P3–M3 and right I1–3, P3, M1–3, in A, left lateral, B, C, occlusal, and D, anterior views (opposite page). Horizontal ridge in anterior view is a seam from the two-piece mold. Note hypsodonty of the incisors and narrowness of molars. Paratype of Eomorphippus bondi, SGOPV 2891, showing partial left lower dentition including i1–3 and p2–m3, in E, occlusal and F, labial views (above; photograph of cast).

FIGURE 5 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 5. Holotype of Termashippus flacoensis SGOPV 2987 (cast), right maxillary fragment bearing P2–M3 in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views. The specimen was inadvertently sliced by a rock saw prior to preparation; the ~2 mm wide gap in the specimen is indicated by dimples (A) and thin line (B, C).

FIGURE 8 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 8. Partial left mandibular fragment of Termashippus flacoi SGOPV 2996 (cast), bearing probable m1–2 in A, occlusal and B, lingual views.

FIGURE 3. SGOPV 2991 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 3. SGOPV 2991, fragmentary right maxilla of Rosendo pascuali preserving P2 through the anterior half of M1 and slivers of an erupting M3 in A, labial and D, occlusal views. SGOPV 3096, isolated left m3 (photographically reversed) in B, labial and F, occlusal views. AMNH 29474, holotype of Rosendo pascuali, right mandible with i3–m3 in C, labial and E, occlusal views (from Simpson, 1967). SGOPV 3051, fragmentary left mandible of Rosendo pascuali preserving p3–m1 plus erupting m2 in G, labial, H, lingual, and I, occlusal views (opposite page).

FIGURE 7 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 7. Three little to unworn right upper cheekteeth tentatively referred to Termashippus flacoensis SGOPV 3008 (cast), probably dP2–4, in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views.

Fig. 7 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 7 Cranium of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700) in dorsal A and ventral B views. The cranium (PIMUZ A/V 5700) only preserves its posterior portion and basicranium, and was previously subjected to a poor restoration with plaster which covers some of the cranial structures

Fig. 6 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 6 Limb bones of Toxodon cf. T. platensis from the Roth collections in Zurich and Geneva. Right femur (PIMUZ A/V 4216) in A anterior view, and B posterior view. Partial left humerus (MHNG GEPI V3665) in C anterior view, and D posterior view. Left ulna (PIMUZ A/V 4290) in E lateral view, and F medial view

Fig. 2 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 2 Cranium of Mesotherium cristatum (PIMUZ A/V 467). A Ventral view. B Detail (left) and drawing (right) of the upper right dentition in occlusal view. C Lateral view. D Dorsal view. Notice the inflated epitympanic theca, the lateral borders of premaxilla diverging rostrally, the mesiodistally elongated I1 and the lateral orientation of the parastyle of M3 (see Fernández-Monescillo et al., 2023b)

Fig. 3 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 3 Mandible of Mesotherium cristatum. PIMUZ A/V 467 (A–D). A Detail of the left lower dentition in occlusal view. Mandible in B dorsal view, C lateral, and D anterior views. E PIMUZ A/V 4133 in dorsal view. Notice the differences in size and occlusal outlines of i1 and i2, the constricted lateral borders and concave ventral border of the symphysis (see Fernández-Monescillo et al., 2023b)

Fig. 1 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 1 Geographic provenance of the SANUs specimens of the Roth collection from the Pampean Region, Argentina

Fig. 4 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 4 Partial skull of Toxodon cf. T. platensis (PIMUZ A/V 5697). A Caudal portion of the cranium in dorsal view. B Occiput in caudal view

Fig. 5 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 5 Mandible and dentition of Toxodon cf. T. platensis. Mandible (PIMUZ A/V 4163) in A dorsal and B lateral views. C Mandible (PIMUZ A/V 4210) in dorsal view. D Right p1 (left) and m2 (right) in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4163). E Right m2 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4233). F Left P4 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4245). G Right P3 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4199)

Fig. 9 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 9 Cervical (C2–7) and thoracic (T1–5) vertebrae of Macrauchenia patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700). A1–3 Second cervical vertebra (C2) in anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), and ventral (A3) views. B1–3 Third cervical vertebra (C3) in anterior (B1), left lateral (B2; mirrored), and ventral (B3) views. C1–3 Fourth cervical vertebra (C4) in anterior (C1), left lateral (C2), and ventral (C3) views. D1–3 Fifth cervical vertebra (C5) in anterior (D1), left lateral (D2), and ventral (D3) views. E1–3 Sixth cervical vertebra (C6) in anterior (E1), left lateral (E2; mirrored), and ventral (E3) views. F1–3 Seventh cervical vertebra (C7) in anterior (F1), left lateral (F2), and ventral (F3) views. G1–3 First thoracic vertebra (T1) in anterior (G1), left lateral (G2; mirrored), and ventral (G3) views. H1–3 Second thoracic vertebra (T2) in anterior (H1), left lateral (H2), and ventral (H3) views. I1–3. Third thoracic vertebra (T3) in anterior (I1), left lateral (I2), and ventral (I3) views. J1–3. Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) in anterior (J1), left lateral (J2), and ventral (J3) views. K1–3 Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5) in anterior (K1), left lateral (K2; mirrored), and ventral (K3) views. ant fov anterior costal fovea, dor dorsal, fov tran costal fovea of transverse process, nu can nutrient canal, odon proc odontoid process, postzyg postzygapophysis, pos fov posterior costal fovea, prezyg prezygapophysis, spin proc spinous process, tr for transverse foramen, tr proc transverse process, tub small posterior transverse process tubercle, vent ventral

Fig. 8 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 8 Upper dentition of Macraucheniidae. A Illustration of a Cramauchenia normalis upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. B Illustration of a Theosodon lydekkeri upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. C Illustration of a Macrauchenia patachonica upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. D–F Relatively unworn left upper molar (M2) of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 4119) in occlusal (D), lingual (E), and mesial (F) views. G–I. Worn right upper molar (M2; here mirrored) of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 4118) in occlusal (G), lingual (H), and mesial (I) views. J–L. Unworn right deciduous premolar (dP4; here mirrored) of Ma. patachonica (MHNG GEPI V3659) in occlusal (J), buccal (K), and lingual (L) views. M Left maxilla fragment with P4, M1–2 of Ma. patachonica (MHNG GEPI V3659). The illustration of C. normalis' M1 in A of was based on the specimens MLP 83-III-2–1 and MLP 85-V-VII-3-38a. The illustration of T. lydekkeri' s M1 in B was based on the specimens MACN-A 9269–88 and YPM VPPU 015717.The illustration of Ma. patachonica's M1 in C was based on the specimen MACN-PV 11361, among other specimens. In A–C, the labels of controversial structures are in bold and relevant cusps are highlighted in different colours: blue for paraconule, red for protocone, green for metaconule, yellow for hypocone, and dark yellow for hypocone–metaconule. Notice that even though the dP4 (J–L) and the maxilla fragment with P4, M1–2 (M) share the same specimen number (MHNG GEPI V3659), these are from different individuals considering their different and incompatible ontogenetic stage (see the extreme wear in the permanent P4 in M). dif distolingual fossette, ecg ectocingulum, ets entostyle, hy hypocone, hy-mtl hypocone–metaconule, lmef lingual median fossete, maf mesiolabial fossette, me metacone, mef median fossette, mif mesiolingual fossette, ms mesostyle, mt metastyle, mtl metaconule, pa paracone, pcg precingulum, pplc preparaconule crista, pprc preprotocrista, pr protocone, prl paraconule, ps parastyle, pscg postcingulum, psmlc postmetaconule crista, psplc postparaconule crista, psprc postprotocrista, tb trigon basin

Fig. 10 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 10 Right forelimb of Macrauchenia patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700). A–C Scapula in lateral (A), medial (B), and distal (C) views. D–H Humerus in proximal (D), anterior (E), posterior (F), medial (G), and lateral (H) views. I–J Ulna-radius in anterior (I) and posterior (J) views. K Manus (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) in anterior view. In E the olecranon fossa was restored, so it in PIMUZ is not as deep as it should be. In K the carpals and metacarpals were glued together with the different elements in the right position, but in many cases with a wrong orientation (e.g., pisiform and Mc IV). In addition, the ungual phalanx of the third digit is fragmentary, preserving only its distomedial portion. ae aliform expansion of the radius, bg bicipital groove; ca, capitulum, ce capitular eminence, ch crest of the humerus, ctm crista tuberculi minoris, cu cuneiform, dpc deltopectoral crest, dt deltoid tuberosity, gl glenoid cavity; gt, greater tubercle, h head of the humerus, hp hamatus process, ht humeral trochlea, if fossa infraspinata, it intermediate tubercle, le lateral epicondyle, lt lesser tubercle; lu lunate, ma magnum, mcp medial coronoid process (processus coronoideus medialis), me medial epicondyle, of olecranon fossa, ol olecranon (tuber olecrani), pa anconeal process (processus anconeus), pi pisiform, ra radius, rf radial fossa; rt, radial or bicipital tuberosity (tuberositas radii), sc scaphoid, scn scapular notch, sf fossa supraspinata, shp suprahamatus process, sp styloid process (processus styloideus), sr supracondylar ridge, st supraglenoid tubercle, tr trapezium, trd trapezoid, trl tricipital line, tsp tuber of the scapular spine, ttm tuberosity of the teres major, ul ulna, un unciform

FIGURE 8 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 8. Strict consensus of 281 trees, 420 steps in length showing the phylogenetic relationships of Thomashuxleya within Notoungulata based on the morphological dataset of Deraco and García-López (2015). Numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50.

FIGURE 10 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 10. Strict consensus of 620 trees, 122391 steps in length from parsimony analysis of combined proteomic and morphological data constraining monophyly of each of two clades (but not both together): Notoungulata (i.e., Thomashuxleya and Toxodon) and Litopterna (i.e., Protolipterna and Macrauchenia).

FIGURE 6 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 6. Hindlimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). right pelvis in 1 dorsal and 2 lateral views; 3 right femur in anterior view; 4 right tibia in proximal (top), anterior (middle) and distal (bottom) views; left astragalus in 5 dorsal and 6 plantar views; 7 right navicular in proximal view; 8 navicular and entocuneiform in plantar views.

FIGURE 5 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 5. Forelimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 right and left ulnae in frontal view; 2 left ulna in medial view; right radius in 3 frontal, 4 lateral, and 5 posterior views.