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63 results for “Nutrient Regulation”
Data from: Ecosystem nitrogen retention is regulated by plant community trait interactions with nutrient status in an alpine meadow
1.Biotic nitrogen (N) retention is an important ecosystem function in the context of ongoing land use intensification, N deposition and global warming. However, a paucity of experimental evidence limits understanding of how different plant community components influence N retention in terrestrial ecosystems. 2.In this investigation we conducted a 15N labelling experiment to test how plant community properties, including plant species richness/diversity, dominance and functional traits, influence plant N uptake and retention under different nutrient availabilities. A three-year experiment examined the effects of adding N (10 g N m−2 year−1) and phosphorus (P) (5 g P m−2 year−1) to an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 3.Results show that 15N retention increased with the addition of N and P; the addition of P produced the largest increase of 15N retention in plant and soil N pools. Changes in soil nutrient conditions also facilitated different plant community controls on ecosystem N retention. Ecosystem 15N retention was influenced by species richness and root biomass in the control plots; whereas the N addition treatment showed an important effect of community-weighted means (CWM) of specific leaf area (SLA), and plots with additional P recorded lower CWM of root nitrogen content (root N) and larger CWM root:shoot ratios (R/S) as important determinants. 4.Synthesis. Ecosystem N retention was influenced by conservative and exploitative plant species and/or their traits under N deficient and abundant conditions, respectively, whereas species richness and community plant biomass were most influential under control conditions. The discovery of an interaction between plant community traits and nutrient biogeochemistry as a mechanism for ecosystem N retention offers a means to predict how vegetation in alpine meadow ecosystems will respond to expected global change.
Data from: Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem
Nutrient cycling in most terrestrial ecosystems is thought to be controlled by moisture-dependent decomposer activity. In arid ecosystems, plant litter cycling exceeds rates predicted based on precipitation amounts, suggesting that additional factors are involved in these systems. Attempts to reveal these factors have predominantly focused on abiotic degradation, precipitation frequency, soil-litter mixing, and alternative moisture sources. Our aim was to explore an additional hypothesis that macro-detritivores control litter cycling in deserts. We quantified the role different organisms play in clearing plant detritus from the desert surface, using litter-baskets with different mesh sizes that allow selective entry of micro-, meso- or macro-fauna. We also measured soil nutrient concentrations in increasing distances from the burrows of a highly abundant macro-detritivore, the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri, in the field and in laboratory microcosms. Macro-detritivores controlled the clearing of plant litter in our field site. The highest rates of litter removal were measured during the hot and dry summer when isopod activity peaks and microbial activity is minimal. We also found substantial enrichment of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous in the vicinity of isopod burrows. We conclude that burrowing macro-detritivores are important regulators of litter cycling in this arid ecosystem, providing a plausible general mechanism that explains the unexpectedly high rates of plant-litter cycling in deserts.
Data from: Detrital nutrient content and leaf species differentially affect growth and nutritional regulation of detritivores
Resource nutrient content and identity are common bottom-up controls on organismal growth and nutritional regulation. One framework to study these factors, ecological stoichiometry theory, predicts that elevated resource nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents enhance organism growth by alleviating constraints on N and P acquisition. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this response – including whether responses depend on resource identity – remain poorly understood. In this study, we tested roles of detrital N and P contents and identity (leaf species) in constraining growth of aquatic invertebrate detritivores. We synthesized results from seven detritivore species fed wide nutrient gradients of oak and maple detritus in the laboratory. Across detritivore taxa, we used a meta-analytic approach quantifying effects of detrital leaf species and N and P contents on growth, consumption, and N- and P-specific assimilation and growth efficiencies. Detritivore growth rates increased on higher-N and P detritus and on oak compared to maple detritus. Notably, the mechanisms of improved growth differed between the responses to detrital nutrients versus leaf species, with the former driven by greater consumption rates despite lower assimilation efficiencies on higher-nutrient detritus, and the latter driven by improved N and P assimilation and N growth efficiencies on oak detritus. These findings suggest animal nutrient acquisition changes flexibly in response to resource changes, altering the fate of detrital N and P throughout regulation. We affirm resource identity and nutrients as important bottom-up controls, but suggest these factors act through separate pathways to affect organism growth and thereby change detrital ecosystems under anthropogenic forest compositional change and nutrient enrichment.
Data from: The fat body cortical actin network regulates Drosophila inter-organ nutrient trafficking, signaling, and adipocyte cell size
<p>Defective nutrient storage and adipocyte enlargement (hypertrophy) are emerging features of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. How the cytoskeletal network contributes to nutrient uptake, fat storage, and adipocyte size remains poorly understood. Utilizing the <em>Drosophila</em> larval fat body (FB) as a model adipose tissue, we show that a specific actin isoform—Act5C—forms the cortical actin network necessary for inter-organ lipid trafficking. Act5C also promotes FB tissue expansion during larval development so larvae can store sufficient biomass for metamorphosis. We find FB-specific loss of Act5C, but not other <em>Drosophila</em> actins, perturbs FB triglyceride (TG) storage in lipid droplets (LDs), resulting in developmentally delayed larvae that fail to develop into flies. Act5C localizes to the FB cell surface where it intimately contacts peripheral LDs (pLDs), forming a cortical actin network together with spectrins for cell architectural support. While both the cortical actin and spectrin cytoskeletons maintain FB cell surface architecture, we find that only the actin network is required for fat storage. Mechanistically, we show that FBs lacking the Act5C cortical cytoskeleton exhibit a block in lipoprotein (Lpp) secretion from FB cells, and a subsequent disruption of gut:FB inter-organ lipid transport, resulting in mid-gut fat accumulation. Utilizing temporal RNAi-depletion approaches, we also reveal that Act5C is indispensable post-embryogenesis during larval feeding to promote FB cell expansion. Act5C-deficient FBs fail to expand cell sizes, leading to lipodystrophic larvae unable to accrue sufficient biomass for metamorphosis. Collectively, we propose that the Act5C-mediated cortical actin network of <em>Drosophila</em> adipose tissue plays an essential role in post-embryonic inter-organ nutrient transport and FB cell size determination for organismal energy homeostasis and development.</p>
Investigation of the Gut Microbiota in Regulating Nutrient Absorption in Humans
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02037295. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Data from: Ecosystem nitrogen retention is regulated by plant community trait interactions with nutrient status in an alpine meadow
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Nutrient availability and invader density regulate the diversity–invasibility relationship mediated by soil microbes
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Data from: The fat body cortical actin network regulates Drosophila inter-organ nutrient trafficking, signaling, and adipocyte cell size
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Data from: Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem
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Data from: Detrital nutrient content and leaf species differentially affect growth and nutritional regulation of detritivores
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Dual‐fluorescence imaging and automated trophallaxis detection for studying multi‐nutrient regulation in superorganisms
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Generational variation in nutrient regulation for an outbreaking herbivore
<p>Multivoltine insects can produce multiple generations in one year. Favorable conditions support more generations, leading to serious outbreaks. For herbivores, plant nutrient availability is a major environmental factor affecting fitness and it can shift substantially throughout seasons. In a stochastic environment, organisms can adopt several strategies to regulate their nutrient intake and maximize performance. However, data regarding nutrient regulation of wild herbivores are scarce, and even more so regarding potential intergenerational plasticity. To bridge this gap, we measured nutritional regulation and performance of an outbreaking multivoltine herbivore – one of the most serious agricultural pests in the Sahel: <em>Oedaleus senegalensis</em>. We surveyed a field population in Senegal and measured its nutritional preference and regulation across two generations (G1 and G3) using artificial diets and plant choice experiments. In the field, G1 locusts were five to ten times more abundant than G3 locusts. We found that G1 and G3 locusts selected different protein: carbohydrate ratios but also that the strength of regulation was different. G1 locusts regulated their nutrient target more tightly than G3 locusts. In contrast, studies with laboratory populations demonstrate strong regulation for grasshoppers, appearing less plastic than field populations. Both generations selected a carbohydrate-biased nutrient ratio, although it was more carbohydrate-biased for G3 locusts. In both cases, plant nutrient contents in the field were more protein-biased than their preferred diet. Therefore, choices by locusts were likely influenced by other ecological variables such as leaf toughness or plant defenses. G1 females were heavier and laid more eggs than G3 females. However, G3 locusts survived longer during the experiment than G1 locusts, suggesting a potential generational trade-off between reproduction and survival. Our data highlight the importance of studying nutritional regulation in situ and incorporating field and lab data to better understand foraging decisions and nutritional trade-offs.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Bicking S, Burkhard B, Kruse M, Müller F (2018) Mapping of nutrient regulating ecosystem service supply and demand on different scales in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. One Ecosystem 3: e22509. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e22509
Average yield (in t/ha) of agricultural crops in Schleswig-Holstein in 2010 (data from Statistikamt Nord 2010), nitrogen content (in kg N/dt fresh weight) of crop plants (data from DüV 2007) and corresponding estimated nitrogen content per hectare.
Supplementary material 3 from: Bicking S, Burkhard B, Kruse M, Müller F (2018) Mapping of nutrient regulating ecosystem service supply and demand on different scales in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. One Ecosystem 3: e22509. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e22509
Relevant nitrogen application and input rates considering nitrogen losses (data from Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen 2017b).
Supplementary material 1 from: Bicking S, Burkhard B, Kruse M, Müller F (2018) Mapping of nutrient regulating ecosystem service supply and demand on different scales in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. One Ecosystem 3: e22509. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e22509
Nitrogen excretion (in kg N/year) of livestock (data from the Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2008)
Nutrient Regulation of Amino Acid Transporters in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01669590. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Generational variation in nutrient regulation for an outbreaking herbivore
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Calcium concentration regulates interspecific interaction of algae along the nutrient gradient
<p><span>Although many studies have focused on the influence of </span><span>abiotic stress gradient</span><span>s on biological interactions, few studies explained the effects of both resource and non-resource stress gradients on the facilitation between species.</span><span> We conducted a controlled experiment to study the effects of nutrient stress gradient on the interspecific relationship between <em>Phormidium corium</em> and <em>Scenedesmus quadricauda</em> under different calcium concentration. The results showed that when the calcium concentration was high, the change of interspecific relationship between the two algae along the nutrient stress gradient accorded with the SGH theory, that is, the competitive interaction changed into positive interaction. The reason for this phenomenon may be that in the stress environment, the population density is low and the encounter rate is low; secondly, facilitation may improve the harsh environment and make it more beneficial to the beneficiary species, which may enable the beneficiary species to survive in the environment that they could not survive before. When the calcium concentration was low, the change of interspecific relationship along resource stress was in line with the "Hump hypothesis", that is, facilitation reached the peak under medium resource stress. This phenomenon may be caused by the interaction between salt stress and nutrient. When calcium stress was high, it may not be conducive to the absorption of nutrients by algae, resulting in the fierce competition for limited resources in the harsh environment. While the facilitation effect may be strongest in the medium stress environment due to the relatively sufficient resource. These results emphasized the joint effects of various stress factors on interspecific relationships, especially the importance of non-resource stress in the study of community composition, pointed out a new direction for the study of facilitation, and provided theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of freshwater blooms.</span></p>
Calcium concentration regulates interspecific interaction of algae along the nutrient gradient
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Data from: Nutrient regulation strategies differ between cricket morphs that trade-off dispersal and reproduction
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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