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Sea-ice induced Southern Ocean subsurface warming and surface cooling in a warming climate: ROMS model data
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This data set contains model output data from the regional ocean modelling system (ROMS) that was set up for the Southern Ocean (south of 24 °S; Haumann, 2016) to analyze the effects of changing surface freshwater and momentum fluxes on Southern Ocean water-mass changes over the period 1980 to 2011. All data is provided in NetCDF format. The data set contains 3 sets 40-year long model spin-up, control, and 3 perturbation simulations each. The sets differ by their model mean state to assess the effect of surface salinity biases on the results. One set of simulations are reference simulations where salinity is restored to the observed surface salinity during model spin-up, and the other two sets are simulations in which the restoring surface salinity has been altered by plus and minus 0.1 PSU, respectively. The control and perturbation simulations are 40-year extensions of the respective model spin-up simulations. In the perturbation simulations either the surface freshwater fluxes or momentum fluxes are instantaneously perturbed after the spin-up simulation to reflect the observation-derived changes in these surface fluxes and then held constant (at the perturbed level) for 40 years. They consist of sea-ice freshwater flux, glacial meltwater flux, and atmosphere-ocean momentum flux changes. Details on the model setup, forcing, and simulations can be obtained from the related research article by Haumann et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132).</p> <p><br> <strong>Contacts:</strong></p> <p>F. Alexander Haumann, ORCID: 0000-0002-8218-977X. Email: alexander.haumann@gmail.com</p> <p><br> <strong>License:</strong></p> <p>When using this data users must cite the original research article by Haumann et al. (2020) published in AGU Advances (https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132). This model output data set is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) whose full text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p> <p><br> <strong>Citations:</strong></p> <p>Haumann, F. A., Gruber, N., Münnich, M. (2020): Sea-ice Induced Southern Ocean Subsurface Warming and Surface Cooling in a Warming Climate. AGU Advances, 1, e2019AV000132. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132</p> <p>Haumann, F. A., Gruber, N., Münnich, M. (2020): Sea-ice induced Southern Ocean subsurface warming and surface cooling in a warming climate: ROMS model data. (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709154</p> <p><br> <strong>Data processing:</strong></p> <p>The model data provided here has been processed for analysis and, due to storage constraints, only variables and averages used in the related research article (Haumann et al., 2020) are published here. Years refer to model years since initiation, i.e. the start of the spin-up simulation, and reach a maximum of 80 at the end of the control and perturbation experiments. Averages are either annual means over an indicated period ('yearly'), overall means over an indicated period ('mean'), or monthly climatologies over an indicated period ('clim'). 'Yearly' and 'Clim' values are provided either for surface fields or vertically integrated fields ('surf'). 'Mean' values are provided on the native vertical model grid as 3D fields. 'Yearly' zonal mean ('zonalmean') values have been first interpolated to from the native vertical model grid to a regular vertical z-level grid and then zonally averaged. All data has been stored in NetCDF format and compressed using level 1 deflation (https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/blogs/developer/entry/netcdf_compression). Full monthly mean model output from these simulations and the forcing fields can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request (alexander.haumann@gmail.com).</p> <p><br> <strong>Standards:</strong></p> <p>Data files have been formatted as Network Common Data Form (NetCDF; https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/) in Hierarchical Data Format, version 5 (https://portal.hdfgroup.org/display/knowledge/HDF5+Documentation)</p> <p><br> <strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p><em>Data</em><br> - ROMS_SO_d025_grd.nc, ROMS grid file (Note: one row of ghost points on either side of the grid), compressed netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup, ROMS output from reference spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl, ROMS output from reference control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice, ROMS output from reference sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial, ROMS output from reference glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum, ROMS output from reference atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> <br> <em>File headers</em><br> - ROMS_SO_d025_grd:<br> angle [radians]: angle between xi axis and east<br> f [second-1]: Coriolis parameter at RHO-points<br> h [meter]: Final bathymetry at RHO-points<br> hraw [meter]: Working bathymetry at RHO-points<br> lat_rho [degree_north]: latitude of RHO-points<br> lat_psi [degree_north]: latitude of PSI-points<br> lat_u [degree_north]: latitude of U-points<br> lat_v [degree_north]: latitude of V-points<br> lon_rho [degree_east]: longitude of RHO-points<br> lon_psi [degree_east]: longitude of PSI-points<br> lon_u [degree_east]: longitude of U-points<br> lon_v [degree_east]: longitude of V-points<br> mask_rho [-]: mask on RHO-points<br> mask_u [-]: mask on U-points<br> mask_v [-]: mask on V-points<br> pm [meter-1]: curvilinear coordinate metric in XI<br> pn [meter-1]: curvilinear coordinate metric in ETA<br> spherical [char]: Grid type logical switch<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_clim.*.surf.nc, ROMS_SO_d025_*_yearly.*.surf.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lon [degree_east]: longitude<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude<br> zeta [meter]: averaged free-surface elevation<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> mld [meter]: averaged mixed layer depth<br> n2 [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency (upper 100 m)<br> n2temp [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency due to temperature (upper 100 m)<br> n2salt [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency due to salinity (upper 100 m)<br> heat_100 [10^18 J]: averaged ocean heat content (upper 100 m)<br> heat_100_2000 [10^18 J]: averaged ocean heat content (between 100 m and 2000 m)" ;<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_mean.*.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lon [degree_east]: longitude<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude<br> zeta [meter]: averaged free-surface elevation<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.*.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude of RHO-points<br> lat_v [degree_north]: latitude of V-points<br> depth [meter]: depth of levels<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> moc [10^6 meter^3 second^-1]: averaged meridional overturning circulation on V-points<br> Missing values: missing values are filled as '-9.99e+20'.</p> <p><em>Metadata</em><br> - README.txt, metadata, text format</p> <p><br> <strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Haumann, F. A. (2016): Southern Ocean response to recent changes in surface freshwater fluxes. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000166276.</p> <p><br> <strong>Acknowledgments:</strong></p> <p>This work was supported by ETH Research Grant CH2-01 11-1 and by the SNSF grant numbers P2EZP2_175162 and P400P2_186681, as well as NSF’s SOCCOM Project under NSF Award No. PLR-1425989.</p>
Data from: Satellite-based Lagrangian model reveals how upwelling and oceanic circulation shape krill hotspots in the California Current System [updated]
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>In the California Current System, wind-driven nutrient supply and primary production, computed from satellite data, provide a synoptic view of how phytoplankton production is coupled to upwelling. In contrast, linking upwelling to zooplankton populations is difficult due to relatively scarce observations and the inherent patchiness of zooplankton. While phytoplankton respond quickly to environmental forcing, zooplankton grow slower and tend to aggregate into mesoscale “hotspot” regions spatially decoupled from upwelling centers. To better understand mechanisms controlling the formation of zooplankton hotspots, we use a satellite-based Lagrangian method where variables from a plankton model, forced by wind-driven nutrient supply, are advected by near-surface currents following upwelling events. Modeled zooplankton distribution reproduces published accounts of euphausiid (krill) hotspots, including the location of major hotspots and their interannual variability. This satellite-based modeling tool is used to analyze the variability and drivers of krill hotspots in the California Current System, and to investigate how water masses of different origin and history converge to form predictable biological hotspots. The Lagrangian framework suggests that two conditions are necessary for a hotspot to form: a convergence of coastal water masses, and above average nutrient supply where these water masses originated from. The results highlight the role of upwelling, oceanic circulation, and plankton temporal dynamics in shaping krill mesoscale distribution, seasonal northward propagation, and interannual variability.</p> <p><strong>Data set description</strong></p> <p>This data set includes 2 files:</p> <ul> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of krill concentrations (Zbig) modeled using the growth-advection method in the California Current upwelling system. Inputs include the nitrate supply product described below and GlobCurrent 15 m oceanic currents. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/krill-hotspots-in-the-california-current/.</li> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of wind-driven nitrate supply estimated in a 150 km coastal band at 0.125° latitudinal resolution. Nitrate supply was calculated based primarily on CCMP v3.1 winds, AVISO geostrophic currents, and a climatology of in situ nitrate at 60m. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/nitrate-supply-estimates-in-upwelling-systems/.</li> </ul> <p>See details regarding data sources and calculations in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.835813">Messié et al. (2022)</a>.</p> <p>[IMPORTANT NOTE:] There is an error in the Ekman pumping fields (trans_pump, Nsupply_pump, Nsupply_total) that will be corrected soon (those fields are not used in publications where only coastal transport was considered). Please contact me if you need Ekman pumping fields before this is fixed.</p>
Northwest Europe NEMO-ERSEM ocean model hindcast and climate projection under RCP8.5
<p>Dataset of model hindcast and climate projection data from a NEMO-ERSEM simulation of the 7km-resolution Atlantic Margin Model (AMM7). Model description and data are presented in </p> <p>Wakelin, S. L., Y. Artioli, J. T. Holt, M. Butenschön, and J. Blackford (2020), Controls on near-bed oxygen concentration on the Northwest European Continental Shelf under a potential future climate scenario, Progress in Oceanography, 102400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102400.</p> <p>Coupled NEMO-ERSEM model simulations are used to study temperature, salinity and near-bed oxygen concentrations on the northwest European Continental Shelf (NWES). Data are from a hindcast (1980 to 2007) and a climate projection (1980 to 2099) under the RCP8.5 climate emissions scenario.</p> <p>The climate projection (1980 to 2099) under the RCP8.5 climate emissions scenario is described as experiment E1 in</p> <p>Holt, J., J. Polton, J. Huthnance, S. Wakelin, E. O'Dea, J. Harle, A. Yool, Y. Artioli, J. Blackford, J. Siddorn, and M. Inall (2018), Climate-Driven Change in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Can Greatly Reduce the Circulation of the North Sea, Geophysical Research Letters, 45(21), 11,827-811,836. doi: 10.1029/2018gl078878.</p> <p>The dataset consists of </p> <ul> <li>Hindcast simulation data</li> </ul> <ol> <li>AMM7_hindcast_3D_S_1980_2007.nc - monthly mean salinity fields.</li> <li>AMM7_hindcast_3D_T_1980_2007.nc - monthly mean temperature fields.</li> <li>AMM7_hindcast_near_bed_O2o_1980_2007.nc - near-bed oxygen concentrations on the NWES.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Climate projection data</li> </ul> <ol> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_S_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean salinity fields.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_T_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean temperature fields.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_U_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean eastwards currents.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_V_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean northwards currents.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_near_bed_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean near-bed oxygen concentrations and near-bed bacterial respiration on the NWES.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_netPP_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean depth integrated net primary production.</li> </ol>
AMOC reconstruction between 1981 and 2016 from hydrographic data using an empirical linear regression model from Worthington, E. L., Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Mecking, J. V., Marsh, R., and McCarthy, G. D.: A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline, Ocean Sci., 17, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021, 2021.
<p>Dataset used to create Figure 8 in Worthington et al., 2021 (https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021). Details of the data and methods can be found in the journal article.<br> <br> Worthington, E. L., Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Mecking, J. V., Marsh, R., and McCarthy, G. D.: A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline, Ocean Sci., 17, 285–299, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021">https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021</a>, 2021.</p>
Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO2 sink: an ocean model subsampling experiment
<p>Dataset underlying the analysis in Hauck et al., 2023: Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO<sub>2</sub> sink - an ocean model subsampling experiment, Philosophical Transactions A</p> <p>Surface ocean partial pressure of CO<sub>2 </sub>(pCO<sub>2</sub>) and air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux reconstructions, using two mapping methods (MPI-SOM-FFN, CarboScope) three different sampling masks: SOCAT, SOCAT+SOCCOM, IDEAL (based on bgcArgo, Roemmich et al., 2019).</p> <p>Also, all FESOM-REcoM output fields that were used in the reconstructions are provided.</p> <p>We further provide the three masks that were used for subsampling: SOCAT, SOCAT+SOCCOM, IDEAL (bgcArgo).</p> <p> </p>
Data used in "BIOPERIANT12: a mesoscale resolving coupled physics-biogeochemical model for the Southern Ocean"
<div> <p>This repository contains the data used to generate the figures for the submitted manuscript "BIOPERIANT12: a mesoscale resolving coupled physics-biogeochemical model for the Southern Ocean".</p> </div> <h3>Contents</h3> <div> <ul> <li> <p>Model input:</p> <ul> <li> <p>INPUTS: ocean model input/grid files</p> </li> <li> <p>PISCES_INPUTS: BGC input files</p> </li> <li> <p>OBC: open boundary forcing </p> </li> <li> <p>WEIGHTS: weight files for ERA interim forcing</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <ul> <li> <p>Manuscript files:</p> <ul> <li> <p>data: files used to generate manuscript images</p> </li> <li> <p>config, src, notebooks: Python code and Jupyter notebooks used to generate images</p> </li> <li> <p>figures, supplementary: manuscript figures and supplementary figures</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Abstract: </strong>"We present BIOPERIANT12, a regional model configuration of the Southern Ocean (SO) at a mesoscale-resolving 1/12 degree. This is a stable, ocean–ice–biogeochemical configuration derived from the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) modelling platform. It is specifically designed to investigate questions related to the mean state, seasonal cycle variability and mesoscale processes in the mixed layer and within the upper ocean (<1000 m). In particular, the focus is on understanding processes behind carbon and heat exchange, systematic errors in biogeochemistry and assumptions underlying the parameters chosen to represent these SO processes. The dynamics of the ocean model play a large role in driving ocean biogeochemistry and we show that over the chosen period of analysis 2000–2009 that the simulated dynamics in the upper ocean provide a stable mean state, as compared to observation-based datasets (themselves subject to biases such as sparsity of data, cloud cover, etc.), and through which the characteristics of variability can be described. Using ocean biomes to delineate the major regions of the SO, the model demonstrates a useful representation of ocean biogeochemistry and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). In addition to a reasonable model mean state performance, through model–data metrics BIOPERIANT12 highlights several pathways for improving Southern Ocean model simulations such as the representation of temporal variability and the overestimation of biological biomass."</div>
A high-resolution, multi-decadal, free-running, hydrodynamic simulation of the East Australia Current System using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (Version 3.0, 1994-2019)
<p>The data is from a Regional Ocean Modelling System free-running, hydrodynamic simulation of the East Australian Current System. The model has a horizontal resolution of 2.5-6 km in the cross-shore direction and 5 km in the alongshore direction, and 30 vertical s-levels. The model domain covers the southeastern Australia oceanic region from 25.1-41.5°S and 147.1-162.2°E, and the grid is orientated 20 degrees clockwise to be predominantly orientated alongshore. The time period covered is 02 Jan 1994 to 28 Feb 2019. The model outputs provided are daily averages of the following variables: Two-dimensional variables: Sea surface height (zeta), barotropic cross-grid velocity (u) and barotropic along-grid velocity (v). Three-dimensional variables: Temperature (temp), salinity (salt), density (rho), cross-grid velocity (u), along-grid velocity (v) and vertical velocity (w), temperature time rate of change (temp_rate), temperature horizontal advection term (temp_hadv), temperature vertical advection term (temp_vadv), temperature horizontal diffusion term (temp_hdiff), temperature vertical diffusion term (temp_vdiff). In this version, the heat budget terms (temp_rate, temp_hadv, temp_vadv, temp_hdiff and temp_vdiff) are set to be zeros on the land.</p> <p> </p> <p>This model is part of the <a href="../records/8294716"><strong>South East Australian Coastal Ocean Forecast System (SEA-COFS)</strong></a> suite of models.</p>
A tectonic model reconciling evidence for the collisions between India, Eurasia and intra-oceanic arcs of the central-eastern Tethys
<p>2 February 2014<br>Version 1.2</p> <p>Supplement and plate model accompanying: <br>Gibbons, A., Zahirovic, S., Müller, R., Whittaker, J., and Yatheesh, V., 2015, A tectonic model reconciling evidence for the collisions between India, Eurasia and intra-oceanic arcs of the central-eastern Tethys: Gondwana Research FOCUS.</p> <p><strong>Gibbons_etal_2015_GR_PlateModel.zip</strong></p> <p>This directory contains four files:</p> <p>TPW_CK95G94_Rigid_Gibbons.rot - the Gibbons et al. global rotation model TPW_CK95G94_PP_Rigid_Gibbons.gpml - the Gibbons et al. global evolving topologies <br>CK95G94_Coastlines.gpmlz - Present-day coastlines with Plate ID assignments<br>CK95G94_StaticPolygons_Gibbons.gpmlz - Present-day block outlines </p> <p>To load these datasets in GPlates do the following:</p> <p>1. Open GPlates<br>2. Pull down the GPlates File menu and select the operation Open Feature Collection<br>3. Click all the files while holding down the shift key to select all files. All the files should be highlighted.<br>4. Click Open </p> <p>Alternatively, drag and drop the files onto the globe.<br> <br>Play around with the GPlates buttons to make an animation, select features, draw features, etc. For more information, read the GPlates manual which can be downloaded from <a href="https://www.gplates.org">www.gplates.org</a></p> <p><strong>Zahirovic_etal_2014_SE</strong></p> <p>This file provides a detailed description of all of the files that make up the data collection associated with the publication: Zahirovic, S., Seton, M., & Müller, R. D. (2014). The Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. Solid Earth, 5(1), 227-273. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-227-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.5194/se-5-227-2014</a></p> <p>Any questions, please email: <br>Ana Gibbons <angi@statoil.com><br>Sabin Zahirovic <sabin.zahirovic@sydney.edu.au></p>
Global Carbon Budget 2022, surface ocean fugactiy of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual Global ocean biogechemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (data-products).</strong><br> There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p> <p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of data-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2022 (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, section C3), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2022 spreadsheet.</strong></p> <p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 13 of the Global Carbon Budget 2022 paper (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the data-products (North: 0.17 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.16 GtC yr-1, South: 0.32 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2022 paper, section 2.4.1). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p> <p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p> <p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):</p> <p><br> fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: north, tropics, south<br> fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br> area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p> <p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A (‘contemporary simulation’, including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B (‘control simulation’, constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p> <p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude</p> <p><br> (3) One file ‘GCB-2022_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2021.nc’ with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Temporal resolution: annual.</p> <p><br> <strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br> The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022, ESSD, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2022 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).<br> <strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: “We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output.”<br> <strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p> <p><br> Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/</p> <p> </p>
MITgcm Dataset for paper: Sensitivity analysis of a data-driven model of ocean temperature
<p>MITgcm dataset used in paper, Sensitivity analysis of a data-driven model of ocean temperature, made available here. The dataset comes from running a sector config of the MITgcm model, briefly described in the paper. This dataset is used to train the regression model described in the paper.</p> <p>Updated to include ncra_cat_tave.nc file which was accidentally missed on first version.</p>
Arctic Ocean state estimates for 2013 using the GECCO model
<p>The dataset contains the 2013 data of a 10-year ocean synthesis (2007-2016) obtained by assimilating available observations of sea ice and ocean parameters into the GECCO model. Data from, among others, several satellite programs such as AMSRE, SSMI, AMSR2, Envisat, Jason, Cryosat., AVHRR, and SMOS, and available moorings in the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait, the Barents Sea Opening, and by the Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System (NABOS), the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO), and the Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project (BGEP) project. A detailed description can be found in Lyu et al., 2020.</p> <p>Guokun Lyu, Nuna Serra, Armin Koehl and Detlef Stammer, 2020. INTAROS Deliverable 6.4 Ice-ocean statistics and state estimation V1. https://intaros.nersc.no/sites/intaros.nersc.no/files/D6.4_INTAROS_Data_assimilation_v1.3.pdf </p>
Arctic Ocean state estimates for 2012 using the GECCO model
<p>The dataset contains the 2012 data of a 10-year ocean synthesis (2007-2016) obtained by assimilating available observations of sea ice and ocean parameters into the GECCO model. Data from, among others, several satellite programs such as AMSRE, SSMI, AMSR2, Envisat, Jason, Cryosat., AVHRR, and SMOS, and available moorings in the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait, the Barents Sea Opening, and by the Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System (NABOS), the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO), and the Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project (BGEP) project. A detailed description can be found in Lyu et al., 2020.</p> <p>Guokun Lyu, Nuna Serra, Armin Koehl and Detlef Stammer, 2020. INTAROS Deliverable 6.4 Ice-ocean statistics and state estimation V1. https://intaros.nersc.no/sites/intaros.nersc.no/files/D6.4_INTAROS_Data_assimilation_v1.3.pdf </p>
mom6 cobalt model result for oceanic carbon response to El Niños
<p>GEOS_Chem atmospheric transport model, monthly, 2.5 degree resolution in tropical Pacific Ocean (120-300E, 30N-30S)<br> 1. GEOS_Chem_tropical_pacific_monthly_clim_1992_2017.nc<br> 2. GEOS_Chem_tropical_pacific_monthly_iav_1992_2017.nc<br> 1 and 2 are GEOS_Chem atmospheric transport model results</p> <p>MOM6 COBALT model results<br> Note1: region range is 120-300E, 30N-30S with a resolution of half degree, monthly result from 1982.1.1 to 2018.1.1<br> Note2: if the file name has a label "_detrend_deseason", this file is detrended and deseasonized using full value in 1982-2018 with CDO<br> "cdo -ymonsub -detrend $fin -ymonmean -detrend $fin $fout"<br> Note3: ocean/sea surface is the first layer which is 1 meter deep<br> Note4: MLD_001_temp/salt/dic/alk/kd is the vertical mean value in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3)</p> <p>MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_dic_deltap_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized delta pCO2 (ocean pCO2 minus air pCO2) in the ocean surface)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_dic_deltap_1982_2018.nc<br> (delta pCO2 (ocean pCO2 minus air pCO2) in the ocean surface)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_dic_stf_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized air-sea CO2 flux, positive to ocean)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_dic_stf_1982_2018.nc<br> (air-sea CO2 flux, positive to ocean)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_1982_2018.nc<br> (Mixing layer depth with a density criterial of 0.01 kg/m3)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_alk_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean alkilinity in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_alk_zgradient_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean alkilinity gradient (dalk/dz) in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_dic_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_dic_zgradient_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean DIC (ddic/dz) in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_Kd_interface_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean Diapycnal diffusivity at interfaces layers (kd_interface) in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_salt_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean salinity in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_temp_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean temperature in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)</p> <p>MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_u_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean velocity u in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_v_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (first compute vertical mean velocity v in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)</p> <p>MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_003_1982_2018.nc<br> (Mixing layer depth with a density criterial of 0.03 kg/m3)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_pco2surf_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized sea surface pCO2 (ocean pCO2))</p> <p>MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_pco2surf_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface pCO2 (ocean pCO2))<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_sfc_chl_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface chlorophyll)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_sfc_dic_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC))<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_sfc_no3_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface nitrate, NO3)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_sfc_po4_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface phosphate, PO4)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_SSS_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface salinity)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_SST_1982_2018.nc<br> (sea surface temperature)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_taux_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized wind stress in zonal direction)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_taux_1982_2018.nc<br> (wind stress in zonal direction)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_tauy_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized wind stress in meridional direction)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_tauy_1982_2018.nc<br> (wind stress in meridional direction)<br> MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_tc_depth_1982_2018.nc<br> (thermocline depth defined as depth where the temperature equals 20oC)</p> <p>JRA_rain_tropical_pacific_monthly_prrn_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (detrended and deseasonalized JRA rainfall)<br> </p> <p>Budget terms based MOM6 COBALT model results<br> Note1: region range is 120-300E, 30N-30S with a resolution of half degree, monthly result from 1982.1.1 to 2018.1.1<br> Note2: this is the vertical mean result in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3) after detrend and deseasonalize</p> <p>MOM6_COBALT_tropical_pacific_monthly_MLD_001_pco2w_budget_1982_2018_detrend_deseason.nc<br> (budget terms used for ocean pCO2 budget analysis, vertical mean in the mixing layer depth (criterial of 0.01 kg/m3), then do detrended and deseasonalized)<br> pco2_hadv_hdif: horizontal transport term, H_circ;<br> dpco2_hadvx: zonal advection term;<br> dpco2_hadvy: meridional advection term;<br> dpco2_hdif: horizontal diffusivity term;<br> dpco2_vadv_vdif: vertical transport term;<br> dpco2_dic_vdif_vdif: vertical transport term induced by DIC;<br> dpco2_alk_vdif: vertical transport term induced by Alk;<br> dpco2_bio: biological term<br> dpco2_rain: surface freshwater term<br> dpco2_sst: thermal term<br> dpco2_dt: pco2 response term<br> dpco2_flux: CO2 flux response term<br> </p>
Daily ocean bottom pressure anomalies 2007-2009 from global numerical models
<p>Data supplement to: Schindelegger, M., Harker, A. A., Ponte, R. M., Dobslaw, H., & Salstein, D. A. (2021). Convergence of daily GRACE solutions and models of submonthly ocean bottom pressure variability. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</em>, 126, e2020JC017031. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017031">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017031</a></p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p>Daily ocean bottom pressure anomalies over 2007-2009 obtained from two global forward simulations:</p> <ol> <li><strong>DEBOT</strong> (<em>David Einspigel Barotropic Ocean Tide Model</em>): 1/3° horizontal grid spacing, single-layer model</li> <li><strong>MITgcm LLC270</strong> (<em>Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model, Lat-Lon-Cap 270</em>): nominal 1/3° horizontal grid spacing, 50 vertical layers</li> </ol> <p>Common specifications:</p> <ul> <li>Yearly files (<em>yyyy</em>) for each model run (<em>DEBOT_OBP_n180_yyyy.nc</em>, <em>LLC270_OBP_n180_yyyy.nc</em>)</li> <li>Temporal mean 2007-2009 reduced</li> <li>Daily fields centered at 12 UTC</li> <li>Units: cm of equivalent water height</li> <li>Data given on regular 1° grid</li> <li>Synthesized from spherical harmonic expansion truncated at degree 180 (<em>n180</em>)</li> <li>Degree 1 terms: included</li> <li>Static atmospheric contribution to bottom pressure: included</li> <li>Atmospheric forcing: ERA-Interim (6-hourly)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Contact: M. Schindelegger (schindelegger@igg.uni-bonn.de)</p>
Next generation global ice-ocean-biogeochemistry coupled model with 13C-cycling (GFDL MOM5-BLING13C)
<p> </p> <p>======= DESCRIPTION =======</p> <p>This is the model output supporting our paper <em>A next generation ocean carbon isotope model for climate studies I: Steady state controls on ocean <sup>13</sup>C</em> (2021 Global Biogeochemical Cycles).</p> <p>This model output simulates the transient response of ocean carbon biogeochemistry to anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> and <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheric emissions with a nominal lateral resolution of 1° and 50 vertical levels. The model uses the NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) MOM5 coupled to the NOAA-GFDL Biogeochemistry with Light Iron Nutrients and Gas (BLING) with <sup>13</sup>C-cycling. Atmospheric forcing is prescribed using the repeating annual cycle of the Common Ocean Reference Experiment version 2 normal year forcing dataset (COREv2-NYF). The implementation of <sup>13</sup>C-cycling applies isotopic fractionations during air-sea gas exchange, photosynthetic production of organic matter, and formation of calcium carbonate. The sensitivity of dissolved inorganic <sup>13</sup>C in the ocean to the CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange rate is explored by repeating the simulation twice, once using the latest OMIP-CMIP6 protocol for the k-U<sub>10 </sub>parameterization (standard) and once using the previous OCMIP2 protocol (fast-gas-exchange).</p> <p> </p> <p>Files information:</p> <ul> <li><strong>ocean_static.nc</strong>: Static fields (longitude, latitude, area).</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_month.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of ocean physical variables (temperature, salinity, averaged mixed layer depth, maximum mixed layer depth).</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_bling_trc_month_CMIP6.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of biogeochemical variables* for the simulation using the OMIP-CMIP6 air-sea gas exchange protocol.</li> <li><strong>1970_1989_d13c_org_mldave_CMIP6.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1970 and 1989 of d<sup>13</sup>C of organic matter averaged over the mixed layer.</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_bling_trc_month_OCMIP2.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of biogeochemical variables* for the simulation using the OCMIP2 air-sea gas exchange protocol.</li> </ul> <p>* Biogeochemical variables are dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon-13, oxygen, and dissolved inorganic phosphate.</p> <p> </p> <p>======= HOW TO CITE =======</p> <p>This model output can be freely distributed, but please cite it using the following paper:</p> <p>Claret, M., Sonnerup, R. E., & Quay, P. D. (2021). A next generation ocean carbon isotope model for climate studies I: Steady state controls on ocean <sup>13</sup>C. <em>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</em>, 35, e2020GB006757. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006757">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006757</a></p> <p> </p> <p>======= ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS =======</p> <p>This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE 1356756 and NSF-OCE 1829796). We would also like to acknowledge high-performance computing support from Cheyenne (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX">doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX</a>) provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the NSF.</p> <p> </p> <p>======= QUESTIONS AND REQUESTS? =======</p> <p>Please contact Mariona Claret (mclaret@uw.edu) or Rolf Sonnerup (rolf@uw.edu).</p> <p> </p>
Global Carbon Budget 2023, surface ocean fugactiy of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual global ocean biogechemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (fCO2-products).</strong><br>There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p><p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of fCO2-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2023 (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2023 spreadsheet.</strong></p><p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 13 of the Global Carbon Budget 2023 paper (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the data-products (North: 0.14 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.42 GtC yr-1, South: 0.09 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2023 paper, section 2.5.1). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because some adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p><p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p><p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):<br><br>fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: north, tropics, south<br>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br>area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p><p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A ('contemporary simulation', including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B ('control simulation', constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p><p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br><br>(3) One file 'GCB-2023_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2022.nc' with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Temporal resolution: annual.</p><p><strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br>The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br><strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023, ESSD, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2023 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).<br><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: "We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output."<br><strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p><p>Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional 3D output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudgetdata.org/closed-access-requests.html</p>
FESOM-REcoM model data: Severe 21st-century ocean acidification in Antarctic Marine Protected Areas
<p>This repository contains all post-processed model output used in the paper "Severe 21st-century ocean acidification in Antarctic Marine Protected Areas". It contains the data underlying the figures in the paper, such as regional averages, as well as masks for the marine protected areas and the grid information file of the original model output.</p><p>The data were created using python scripts provided at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10295920">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10295920</a>. </p><p>Original model output, including full fields of computed pH and saturation states with respect to aragonite and calcite, is available at the World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) under the following DOIs:</p><ul><li>simA, historical: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_hist_vA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_hist_vA_vC</a></li><li>simA, ssp126: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s126_vA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s126_vA_vC</a></li><li>simA, ssp245: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s245_vA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s245_vA_vC</a></li><li>simA, ssp370: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s370_vA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s370_vA_vC</a></li><li>simA, ssp585: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s585_vA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_A_s585_vA_vC</a></li><li>simB: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_B_1921_cA_cC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_B_1921_cA_cC</a></li><li>simC, historical: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_hist_vA_cC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_hist_vA_cC</a></li><li>simC, ssp245: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_s245_vA_cC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_s245_vA_cC</a></li><li>simC, ssp585: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_s585_vA_cC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_C_s585_vA_cC</a></li><li>simC, historical: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_D_hist_cA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_D_hist_cA_vC</a></li><li>simC, ssp585: <a href="https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_D_s585_cA_vC">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/FESOM14-REcoM2_D_s585_cA_vC</a></li></ul><p> </p>
Global Carbon Budget 2024, surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual global ocean biogeochemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>v2 update: </strong></p> <ul> <li>update to data in UoEX-UEPFFNU fCO2-product</li> <li>fix of lat-lon issue in Jena-MLS fCO2-product</li> <li>minor fixes to metadata in fCO2-products</li> </ul> <p><br>The v2 data is used for the final published version of the Global Carbon Budget 2024.</p> <p>-----------------</p> <p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (fCO2-products).</strong><br>There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p> <p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of fCO2-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2024 (https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2024 spreadsheet.</strong></p> <p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 14 of the Global Carbon Budget 2024 paper (https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the fCO2-products (North: 0.14 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.42 GtC yr-1, South: 0.09 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2024 paper). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because some adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p> <p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p> <p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):<br><br>fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: global, north, tropics, south<br>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br>area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p> <p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A ('contemporary simulation', including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B ('control simulation', constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p> <p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude</p> <p>(3) One file 'GCB-2024_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2023.nc' with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Regions: North, tropics, south. Temporal resolution: annual.</p> <p><strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br>The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br><strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024, ESSD, https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2024 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: "We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output."<br><strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p> <p>Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional 3D output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudgetdata.org/closed-access-requests.html</p>
Radiocarbon in the land and ocean components of the Community Earth System Model: data to prepare figures
<p>The files contain the data to plot the graphics displayed in the publication by Frischknecht, T., Ekici, A., Joos, F. Radiocarbon in the land and ocean components of the Community Earth System Model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2022, in press.</p>
Ensemble statistics for modelled Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Southern Ocean
<p>This dataset contains surface eddy kinetic energy over the Southern Ocean region, sourced from a 50-member ensemble of 0.25° ocean model simulations. It is used in the paper "Circumpolar variations in the chaotic nature of Southern Ocean eddy dynamics" published in Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans.</p> <p>This dataset has been computed from the OceaniC Chaos – ImPacts, strUcture, predicTability (OCCIPUT) global ocean/sea-ice ensemble simulation. It is composed of 50 members with a horizontal resolution of 1/4° and 75 geopotential levels (<a href="http://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1091-2017">Bessières et al., 2017</a>, Penduff et al., 2014). The numerical configuration is based on the version 3.5 of the NEMO model (<a href="https://www.nemo-ocean.eu/doc">Madec, 2008</a>). The 50 members were started on January 1st 1960 from a common 21-year spinup. A small stochastic perturbation is applied to the equation of state of sea water (as in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.02.004">Brankart, 2013</a>) within each member during 1960, then switched off during the rest of the simulation. This 1-year perturbation generates an ensemble spread which grows and saturates after a few months up to a few years depending on the region. The 50 members are driven through bulk formulae during the whole 1960-2015 simulation by the same realistic 6-hourly atmospheric forcing (Drakkar Forcing Set DFS5.2, Dussin et al., 2016) derived from ERA interim atmospheric reanalysis. Data is for the period 1979-2015.</p> <p>The sea level anomaly is found according to <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102314">Close et al (2020)</a> and converted into surface geostrophic velocity anomaly using the geostrophic relation. This velocity field is then used to calculate the eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Data is averaged over calendar month, and restricted to the latitude range 40°-60°S. A full description of this process is included in the companion paper.</p> <p>The dataset includes EKE files (eke_0??.nc), with monthy EKE saved for the period 1979-2015 for each ensemble member, and a single file (tau.nc) for the monthly-averaged wind stress over the same period.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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