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48 results for “Oceanic Dispersal”
Figure 7. Energy dispersive X in Morphological updates and molecular description of Heterosentis holospinus Amin, Heckmann, & Ha, 2011 (Acanthocephala, Arhythmacanthidae) in the Pacific Ocean off Vietnam
Figure 7. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the basal arch of a Gallium cut hook of a Heterosentis holospinus specimen showing high levels of calcium and phosphorus similar to those of the hook base (Table 2). The X-ray data are the elemental analysis of the hook arch (see bolded figures in Table 2). Insert: SEM of a longitudinal Gallium cut hook.
Figure 1 in The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal
Figure 1. The Aldabra tortoise at Kimbiji, shortly after its discovery in December 2004. Photograph: C. Muir.
Fig. 8 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscopy. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B, D. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). C, E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 60). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Detail of the furca base in posterior dorsolateral view. D–E. Details of the furcal rami. Abbreviations: fb = furca base; fr = furcal rami; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales. Scale bars = 10 µm.
Fig. 4 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 4. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. Posterior region of the body. A. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). B, D. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 57). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Posterior dorsolateral view. D. Posterior ventral view. Abbreviations: fr = furcal rami; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.
Fig. 5 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 5. Close-up of the different types of scales described forPolymerurus insularis sp. nov.A–C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). D, F. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A–C. Scanning electron microscopy. D–F. Light microscopy – DIC. A. Detail of a section of the dorsal middle trunk, showing the most common type of scale, Type 1, with emphasis on its characteristic shape. B. Detail of a section of the dorsal posterior trunk, showing Type 2 and Type 3 scales. C–E. Detail of the transition between the dorsal posterior trunk and the dorsal furca base, showing the particular scale covering of this region. F. Detail of the transition between the ventral posterior trunk and the ventral furca base, showing the particular scale covering this region. Abbreviations: sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales; svs = small ventral pair of spines. Scale bars: A–C = 5 µm; D = 10 µm; E = 15 µm; F = 10 µm.
Fig. 3 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 3. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). A–C. Correspond to the most anterior third of the specimen. A. Anterior dorsal region. B. Anterior internal region. C. anterior ventral region. D–F. Correspond to the trunk. D. Dorsal trunk. E. Internal trunk. F. Ventral trunk. G–I. Correspond to the posterior third of the specimen. G. Dorsal posterior third. H. Internal posterior third. I. Ventral posterior third. Abbreviations: ce = cephalion; ct = cephalic bristles; eg = egg; hy = hypostomium; i = intestine; is = interciliary spines; lc = locomotory cilia; lce = lateral cephalic expansions; mo = mouth; ne = nephridia; pl = pleurae; ph = pharynx; PhIJ = pharyngealintestinal junction; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; vs = Type 1 ventral scale. Scale bars = 20 µm.
Fig. 1 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 1. Sampling location, at the state of Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil A. Brazil. B. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. C. Xaréu açude. Images provided by Google Earth (A–B) and Prof Dr Felipe Toledo, University of Campinas (C).
Fig. 6 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of dorsal and ventral posterior regions and type scales of Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A. Dorsal view of the posterior end. Some Type 1 scales are faded for a better visualization of Types 2, 3 and 5 scales. B. Ventral view of the posterior end. C. Each type of scale, individually depicted (not to scale). Abbreviations: ff = furcal furrow; fr = furcal rami; lc = locomotory cilia; is = interciliary spines; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.
Fig. 9 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 9. Maximum Likelihood tree based on multigene approach with 18S and 28S sequences. Highlighted branches correspond to the Polymerurus Remane, 1927 species sequences. Values on the branches correspond, respectively, to: SH-aLRT support (%) / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%).
Fig. 2 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks
Fig. 2. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). Full body view. A. Dorsal view. B. Internal view. C. Ventral view. Scale bars = 30 µm.
Data from: Rare long-distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean
Aim: Long-distance dispersal (LDD) events occur rarely but play a fundamental role in shaping species biogeography. Lying at the heart of island biogeography theory, LDD relies on unusual events to facilitate colonisation of new habitats and range expansion. Despite the importance of LDD, it is inherently difficult to quantify due to the rarity of such events. We estimate the probability of LDD of the seagrass Heterozostera nigricaulis, a common Australian species, across the Pacific Ocean to colonise South America.Location: Coastal Chile, Australia and the Pacific Ocean. Methods: Genetic analysis of H. nigricaulis collected from Chile and Australia were used to assess the relationship between the populations and levels of clonality. Ocean surface current models were used to predict the probability of propagules dispersing from South East Australia to Central Chile and shipping data used to determine the likelihood of anthropogenic dispersal. Results: Our study infers that the seagrass H. nigricaulis dispersed from Australia across the entire width of the Pacific (~14,000 km) to colonise South America on two occasions. Genetic analyses reveal that these events led to two large isolated clones, one of which covers a combined area of 3.47 km2. Oceanographic models estimate the arrival probability of a dispersal propagule within 3 years to be at most 0.00264%. Early shipping provides a potential alternative dispersal vector, yet few ships sailed from SE Australia to Chile prior to the first recording of H. nigricaulis and the lack of more recent and ongoing introductions demonstrate the rarity of such dispersal. Main Conclusion: These findings demonstrate LDD does occur over extreme distance despite very low probabilities. The large number of propagules (100s of millions) produced over 100s of years suggests that the arrival of propagules in Chile was inevitable and confirms the importance of LDD for species distributions and community ecology.
Infrequent oceanic long-range dispersal and evolution of a top terrestrial arthropod predator in the sub-Antarctic
<p>The UNESCO world heritage sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are unique. They have been isolated for over 30 million years by constant circum-polar currents and winds, and shaped by climatic cycles that surpass the tolerance limits of many species. Despite this recognition, surprisingly little is known about how these ecosystems acquired their native terrestrial fauna and how it changed over deep time scales. Here the patterns and timing of colonization and speciation in the largest and dominant arthropod predators in the Eastern sub-Antarctic – spiders of the genus Myro – are demonstrated for the first time. Our results indicate that this lineage originated from Australia before the Plio-Pleistocenic glacial cycles and underwent an adaptive radiation on the Crozet archipelago. We discuss the gain and loss of pre-adaptations acting as filter that enabled only one of four Myro species native to the Crozet islands to repeatedly disperse via the Antarctic circum-polar current, resulting in an outstanding distribution range over 9000 kilometres. The results highlight the outstanding role of the volcanic Crozet archipelago for the evolution of arthropod life in the sub-Antarctic, and the potential of terrestrial macro-invertebrates to achieve rare but ecologically influential trans-oceanic dispersal events over thousands of kilometres under hostile conditions.</p>
Figure 2 in The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal
Figure 2. Map showing probable dispersal route.
Figure 3 in The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal
Figure 3. Aldabra tortoise at sea off Alphonse in December 2005. Photograph: J. Gerlach.
Biophysical larval dispersal models of observed bonefish (Albula vulpes) spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas: An assessment of population connectivity and ocean dynamics
<p>Biophysical models are a powerful tool for assessing population connectivity of marine organisms that broadcast spawn. <em>Albula</em> <em>vulpes</em> is a species of bonefish that is an economically and culturally important sportfish found throughout the Caribbean and that exhibits genetic connectivity among geographically distant populations. We created ontogenetically relevant biophysical models for bonefish larval dispersal based upon multiple observed spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas in 2013, 2018, and 2019. Biological parameterizations were informed through active acoustic telemetry, CTD casts, captive larval rearing, and field collections of related albulids and anguillids. Ocean conditions were derived from the Regional Navy Coastal Ocean Model American Seas dataset. Each spawning event was simulated 100 times using the program Ichthyop. Ten thousand particles were released at observed and putative spawning locations and were allowed to disperse for the full 71-day pelagic larval duration for <em>A</em>. <em>vulpes</em>. Settlement densities in defined settlement zones were assessed along with interactions with oceanographic features. The prevailing Northern dispersal paradigm exhibited strong connectivity with Grand Bahama, the Berry Islands, Andros, and self-recruitment to lower and upper Abaco. Ephemeral gyres and flow direction within Northwest and Northeast Providence Channels were shown to have important roles in larval retention to the Bahamian Archipelago. Larval development environments for larvae settling upon different islands showed few differences and dispersal was closely associated with the thermocline. Settlement patterns informed the suggestion for expansion of conservation parks in Grand Bahama, Abaco, and Andros, and the creation of a park in Eleuthera and the Berry Islands to protect fisheries. Further observation of spawning events and the creation of biophysical models will help to maximize protection for bonefish spawning locations and nursery habitat, and may help to predict year-class strength for bonefish stocks throughout the Greater Caribbean.</p>
Infrequent oceanic long-range dispersal and evolution of a top terrestrial arthropod predator in the sub-Antarctic
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Data from: Rare long-distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean
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Biophysical larval dispersal models of observed bonefish (Albula vulpes) spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas: An assessment of population connectivity and ocean dynamics
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Data from: Habitat preference modulates trans-oceanic dispersal in a terrestrial vertebrate
The importance of long-distance dispersal in shaping geographic distributions has been debated since the 19th century. In terrestrial vertebrates, long-distance dispersal events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has therefore led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can therefore explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographic distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.
Data from: Landscape and oceanic barriers shape dispersal and population structure in the island nematode, Pristionchus pacificus
Despite the biological importance and diversity of nematodes, little is known of the factors influencing their dispersal and shaping their evolutionary history. Populations of the cosmopolitan species Pristionchus pacificus are characterized by high genetic diversity and strong spatial structure, which contrasts with patterns detected in nematode species such as Caenorhabditis elegans. The environmentally heterogeneous volcanic Mascarene Islands provide an ideal setting for investigating fine-scale patterns of nematode migration and gene flow. Based on the analysis of data from 19 nuclear microsatellites and one mitochondrial marker, we infer support for the colonization of both La Réunion Island and Mauritius from similar multiple geographical sources. Although the long-term persistence of populations on both islands is well supported, the historical colonization of one island from the other cannot be discounted. In fact, periodic, bi-directional migration between the islands following their initial colonization is strongly supported in isolation with migration analyses, supporting the occurrence of rare trans-oceanic dispersal events in P. pacificus. Through a combination of population and landscape genetic analyses we also infer non-uniform dispersal across the landscape on the island of La Réunion, probably mediated by the movements of beetle hosts. Collectively, we show that gene flow in P. pacificus is limited by environmental and oceanic barriers, and shaped by the intricacies of the nematode–beetle host interaction
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