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Fig. 3. Karyotypes obtained from Ctenomys lami spec. nov. and C. minutus bone marrow and G in Tuco-tucos (Rodentia, Octodontidae) in Southern Brazil: Ctenomys lami spec. nov. Separated from C. minutus Nehring 1887

Fig. 3. Karyotypes obtained from Ctenomys lami spec. nov. and C. minutus bone marrow and G-banding comparison between species. (A) C. lami male karyotype in standard stain; (B) C. minutus female karyotype in standard stain; (C) Haploid set G-banding comparison between C. lami [L] and C. minutus [M].

Fig. 2 in Tuco-tucos (Rodentia, Octodontidae) in Southern Brazil: Ctenomys lami spec. nov. Separated from C. minutus Nehring 1887

Fig. 2. The cranium of Ctenomys lami spec. nov. in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) lateral view and (D) lateral view of mandible. The white bar is 20 mm.

Fig. 4 in Tuco-tucos (Rodentia, Octodontidae) in Southern Brazil: Ctenomys lami spec. nov. Separated from C. minutus Nehring 1887

Fig. 4. Distribution of Canonical Variates scores (CV) from Discriminant Analysis in 20 skull characters of ♂♂ (A) and ♀♀ (B) of the 4 populations.

Fig. 1 in Tuco-tucos (Rodentia, Octodontidae) in Southern Brazil: Ctenomys lami spec. nov. Separated from C. minutus Nehring 1887

Fig. 1. (A) Geographic distribution of Ctenomys lami spec. nov. and Ctenomys minutus in southern Brazil; (B) Area C. lami and C. minutus occupy in Rio Grande do Sul State. Collecting points of Ctenomys lami: (1) Beco dos Cegos and (2) Chico Lomã; Ctenomys minutus: (3) Cidreira Beach and (4) Osório.

On following pages: 4. Chalchalero Viscacha Rat (Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum); 5. Common Viscacha Rat (Octomys mimax); 6. Mountain Degu (Octodontomys gliroides); 7. Bridges's Degu (Octodon bridgesii); 8. Pacific Degu (Octodon pacificus); 9. Coastal Degu (Octodon lunatus); 10. Common Degu (Octodon degus); 11. Porter's Rock Rat (Aconaemys porteri); 12. Chilean Rock Rat (Aconaemys fuscus); 13. Sage's Rock Rat (Aconaemys sage), in Octodontidae

On following pages: 4. Chalchalero Viscacha Rat (Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum); 5. Common Viscacha Rat (Octomys mimax); 6. Mountain Degu (Octodontomys gliroides); 7. Bridges's Degu (Octodon bridgesii); 8. Pacific Degu (Octodon pacificus); 9. Coastal Degu (Octodon lunatus); 10. Common Degu (Octodon degus); 11. Porter's Rock Rat (Aconaemys porteri); 12. Chilean Rock Rat (Aconaemys fuscus); 13. Sage's Rock Rat (Aconaemys sage),

Distribution. NC Chile, in the lower slopes of the Andes between Atacama and Valparaiso regions (from 28° S to 35° S). in Octodontidae

Distribution. NC Chile, in the lower slopes of the Andes between Atacama and Valparaiso regions (from 28° S to 35° S).

Distribution. Chile's Coastal Mountain Range in Cauquenes (Maule Region), Tomé (Bio Bio Region), and Nahuelbuta National Park (L.a Araucania Region) W of the Central Valley, and through the Chilean Andes from Banos de Cauquenes (O'Higgins Region) to Banos del Rio Blanco (La Araucania Region) and adjacent Argentina (Lanin National Park, Neuquén Province). Latitudinal range 34-40° S. in Octodontidae

Distribution. Chile's Coastal Mountain Range in Cauquenes (Maule Region), Tomé (Bio Bio Region), and Nahuelbuta National Park (L.a Araucania Region) W of the Central Valley, and through the Chilean Andes from Banos de Cauquenes (O'Higgins Region) to Banos del Rio Blanco (La Araucania Region) and adjacent Argentina (Lanin National Park, Neuquén Province). Latitudinal range 34-40° S.

Distribution. Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S. in Octodontidae

Distribution. Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S.

Distribution. NW Argentina, known only from the type locality in the Salar de Pipanaco, S Catamarca Province. in Octodontidae

Distribution. NW Argentina, known only from the type locality in the Salar de Pipanaco, S Catamarca Province.

Distribution. Patchily in arid regions of W & C Argentina, known only from 13 localities in San Juan, Mendoza, La Pampa, and Neuquén provinces (between 29° S and 38° 8S). in Octodontidae

Distribution. Patchily in arid regions of W & C Argentina, known only from 13 localities in San Juan, Mendoza, La Pampa, and Neuquén provinces (between 29° S and 38° 8S).

Distribution. Chile's Coastal Mountain Range W of the Central Valley, from Bosque Fray Jorge National Park (Coquimbo Region) to Quilpué (Valparaiso Region). in Octodontidae

Distribution. Chile's Coastal Mountain Range W of the Central Valley, from Bosque Fray Jorge National Park (Coquimbo Region) to Quilpué (Valparaiso Region).

Distribution. Andes of Argentina and Chile, in Chile it occurs from Villarica to Puyehue volcanoes (Los Lagos Region) and in Argentina it extends from Lanin to Nahuel Huapi national parks (Neuquén Province). in Octodontidae

Distribution. Andes of Argentina and Chile, in Chile it occurs from Villarica to Puyehue volcanoes (Los Lagos Region) and in Argentina it extends from Lanin to Nahuel Huapi national parks (Neuquén Province).

Distribution. S in Octodontidae

Distribution. S Argentina, known distribution limited to the type locality and surrounding areas in Chubut Province.

On following pages: 4. Chalchalero Viscacha Rat (Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum); 5. Common Viscacha Rat (Octomys mimax); 6. Mountain Degu (Octodontomys gliroides); 7. Bridges's Degu (Octodon bridgesii); 8. Pacific Degu (Octodon pacificus); 9. Coastal Degu (Octodon lunatus); 10. Common Degu (Octodon degus); 11. Porter's Rock Rat (Aconaemys porteri); 12. Chilean Rock Rat (Aconaemys fuscus); 13. Sage's Rock Rat (Aconaemys sage), 14. Coruro (Spalacopus cyanus). in Octodontidae

Figure 3 in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Figure 3. Map of cluster membership and posterior probability for each cluster based on the GENELAND analysis. A, the estimated cluster membership represents the modal cluster assignment of each pixel, and the rest of the inset maps show the posterior probability of individuals of Octodontomys gliroides in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. Black dots represent sampling localities. The three clusters are: B, populations of northern and central Bolivia; C, populations from northern Chile, central and southern Bolivia, and northern Argentina; and D, the remaining Argentinian populations and one population from southern Bolivia. The white area represents a probability between 90 and 100% for sampling localities to belong to their respective cluster.

Figure 5 in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Figure 5. Map, showing the putative barriers (major rivers, lakes, salt flats, the Atacama Desert, and the mountain chains of the Andes) that separate the populations of Octodontomys gliroides.

Figure 4 in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Figure 4. Pairwise mismatch distribution (left) and Bayesian skyline plots (right), depicting the demographic history for the entire sample (A and B), lineage A (C and D), and lineage B (E and F). For mismatch distributions, black circles represent the observed distribution of pairwise differences and white circles represent the theoretical expected distribution under a population expansion model. For the skyline plot, black lines represent median estimates, whereas the dotted lines represent the upper and lower 95% credible intervals. The x-axis of Bayesian skyline figures is the time per million years before the present and the y-axis is the estimated effective population size (Ne).

Figure 2. A in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Figure 2. A, geographical location of the sampled populations along its distributional range (for abbreviations of localities, see Table 1), and results of the BARRIER analysis. Pie charts display the frequency of occurrence of each haplotype in each locality; the size of the pie chart is proportional to population size. The genetic barriers in red are numbered (in Roman numerals) and the thickness is proportional to the ratio between genetic distance values between populations on both sides of each barrier to the average genetic distance among populations in the whole data set. The populations inside unfilled irregular shapes are the populations pooled by the BARRIER analysis (for more detail, see Material and methods). B, the four major genetic boundaries (thick colored lines) detected by BARRIER 2.2 using FST values. The order of the numerical pairs represents the sequence of the boundary formation. The black dots correspond to the population numbers plotted along the ordination (some populations were pooled by the analysis). The dashed lines and solid lines represent the Voronoi tessellation and the Delaunay triangulation, respectively.

Figure 1. A in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Figure 1. A, phylogenetic relationships within the principal nodes for Octodontomys gliroides, based on Bayesian analysis of mtDNA control region haplotypes. Divergence dates of the most recent common ancestor in million years (above the branches), 95% credible intervals (below the branches), and nodes with high posterior probability (below the 95% credible intervals) are shown. The two main lineages are indicated by black and red lines, and the sublineages found in lineage A, referred to in the text as A1 and A2, respectively, are coloured as follow: sublineage A1, blue; sublineage A2, green. B, haplotype network recovered by statistical parsimony analysis. Each circle represents a different haplotype with size proportional to frequencies, with the largest circles representing the most abundant haplotypes. The coloration pattern of each haplotype represents the lineages and sublineages recovered in the phylogenetic analysis. White circles denote the number of mutational steps between haplotypes. For geographical details of sampling populations and haplotype codes, see Table 1.