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WILLOW - Norther: data set for the full-scale validation of model-based virtual sensing methods for an operational offshore wind turbine
<h1><em><strong>1. General description </strong></em></h1> <p>This data set contains as-build design information, as well as full-scale vibration response measurements from an operational offshore wind-turbine. The turbine is part of the Norther wind farm which is located in the Belgian North Sea<em> </em>and includes a total of 44 Vestas V164 (8.4MW) wind turbines on monopile foundations, see <a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/Fig1_Norther_locaction.png/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fig1_Norther_locaction.png</a>. This data set is intended to verify and validate model-based virtual sensing algorithms, using data as well as modeling information from a real turbine. </p> <h2><em><strong>1.1 Summary of the shared structural information</strong></em></h2> <p>The included information entails a detailed description of the geometric properties of the monopile and transition piece, distributed and lumped structural masses . All information shared in this record is conform the as-designed documentation. An example of the lumped masses considered in the model input files is presented in "<a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/Fig2_Sensor_Network.png/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fig2_Sensor_Network.png"</a></p> <h2><em><strong>1.2 Summary of the shared geotechnical information</strong></em></h2> <p>Monopiles are distinguished by the significant role of soil-structure interaction. Ground reaction is most typically included in the structural model as non-linear p-y curves. Different p-y curves are available for a certain number of soils in the standards applicable to offshore structures (API RP 2GEO, 2011, and ISO 19901-4:2016(E), 2016).</p> <p>The required soil properties to define p-y curves according to the API framework are given in the soil profile provided in a separate Excel. Rather than symbols, the name of the soil properties is generally used as column header (e.g., <em>Undrained shear strength</em>). Therefore, it is straightforward to identify each soil parameter. The only soil parameter that might lead to confusion is:</p> <ul> <li><em>"epsilon50 [-]" </em>represents the vertical strain at half the maximum principal stress difference in a static undrained triaxial compression test on an undisturbed soil sample.</li> </ul> <p>It's worthy to note that estimates for the small shear strain stiffness, referred to as Gmax, are also included. Despite not being required as an input to define the API p-y curves, this parameter remains a key input for other soil reaction frameworks than the API (e.g., PISA). </p> <h2><em><strong>1.3 Summary of the shared measurement data</strong></em></h2> <p>Two sets of measurement data have been curated for validation purposes; the first interval has been collected during parked conditions, whereas the second interval has been collected during rated operational conditions. Both records have a length of 2 hours, and are subdivided into 10-minute data sets. Furthermore 1Hz SCADA data has been made available for the selected intervals. All different data sources are time synchronized and have been subjected to several internal quality checks. </p> <p>The sensor network on NRT-WTG is illustrated in in <strong>Fig. 2, </strong>whereas a description of the sensor types is presented in <strong>Tab.1.</strong> The acceleration sensors are installed in the horizontal plane, and measure tangential (Y) and orthogonal (X) to the wall, where the positive Y direction is pointing clockwise and the positive X direction is pointing inwards. All strain sensors are installed vertically and are located on the inside of the wall.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Data type </strong></td> <td><strong>Sensor type</strong></td> <td><strong>Fs (Hz)</strong></td> <td> <p><strong>Level mLAT (m)</strong></p> </td> <td><strong>Description </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Acceleration (g) </td> <td>Piezo-electric acc. sensor (<strong>ACC</strong>)</td> <td>30</td> <td>15, 69, 97 </td> <td>3 Bi-directional accelerometers at different levels. LAT 15 installed at 240 degree heading; LAT 69 and 97 at 60 degree.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strain (micro strain)</td> <td>Resistive strain gauge (<strong>SG</strong>)</td> <td>30</td> <td>14</td> <td>6 SGs: equally spaced around the inner circumference of the can. Headings: 50, 110, 170, 230, 290, 350 degree.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strain (micro strain)</td> <td>Fiber-Bragg Grating strain gauge (<strong>FBG</strong>)</td> <td>100</td> <td>-17, -19</td> <td>2 FBGs per level at 165 and 255 degree respectively.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 1. Description of sensor types.</strong></p> <p>The FBG strain time series have been synchronized with the SG time series using using a cross-correlation based approach. Therefore the SG data has been used to genereate refrence strain time series at the headings of the FBG sensors; the FBG data is subsequently synchronized with regard to this reference time series. No synchronization of the acceleration data was needed, since these are collected using the same data aquisition system as the SG data. </p> <p>The SG strain time series have been calibrated and temperature compensated, whereas this is not the case for the FBG strain time series. The latter have a yet to be determined calibration offset. </p> <p>In conjunction to the sensor channels presented in <strong>Tab. 1</strong>, 1 Hz SCADA data is provided. A summary of the provided SCADA parameters, all sampled at 1Hz, is presented in <strong>Tab 2.</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Parameter</strong></td> <td><strong>Unit</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wind speed</td> <td>m/s</td> <td>Wind speed as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wind direction</td> <td>°</td> <td>Wind direction relative to North (0°) as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yaw angle</td> <td>°</td> <td>Yaw orientation of the nacelle relative to North (0°) as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pitch angle</td> <td>°</td> <td>Rotor blade pitch as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rotor speed</td> <td>rpm</td> <td>Rotor speed in rotations per minute as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Power</td> <td>kW</td> <td>Active power of the turbine as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 2. </strong>List of provided SCADA parameters</p> <p> </p> <p>A summary of the selected intervals and relevant corresponding scada parameters is given in <strong>Tab 3</strong>.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Scenario </strong></td> <td><strong>T1 (UTC)</strong></td> <td><strong>T2 (UTC) </strong></td> <td><strong>Windspeed</strong></td> <td><strong>RPM </strong></td> <td><strong>Pitch </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Parked</td> <td> <p>03/07 01:30</p> </td> <td> <p>03/07 03:30</p> </td> <td>< 4.5 m/s</td> <td>~1</td> <td>~18 °</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rated</td> <td> <p>05/07 22:30</p> </td> <td> <p>06/07 00:30 </p> </td> <td>~15 m/s</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>8.1°</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 3. </strong>Selected data intervals and relevant scada parameters</p> <p> </p> <h1><em><strong>2. Included in this version </strong></em></h1> <h2><em><strong>2.1 Version - 0.1.0</strong></em></h2> <ul> <li>Relevant Design information can be found in: <ul> <li>Geometry data for NRT-WTG: "WILLOW-Geometry_v4.xlsx"</li> <li>Best estimate soil profile: "WILLOW-BE_soil_profile.xlsx"</li> </ul> </li> <li>Acceleration, strain and scada data can be found in the following parquet files: <ul> <li>Measurement data for the parked case: "NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz"</li> <li>Measurement data for the rated case: "NRT-WTG_Rated.parquet.gz"</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <h1><em><strong>3. Importing parquet files </strong></em></h1> <p>To import the measurement data into Python it is recommended to use pandas:</p> <pre>import pandas as pd<br># Read Parquet file with Pandas: relative_file_path = '<a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz</a>' data = pd.read_parquet(relative_file_path ) <br><br>Once the dataframe has been imported, the users can process/re-arrange the raw data according the their needs; it should be noted that the imported dataframe contains NAN values - these are caused by the different sampling rates of the provided signals. </pre>
Data supplement for "Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms" - Wind Energy Science Journal
<p>These data are supplements for the calculations of the methods from the article "Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms".<br> The data was used to produce the results from the publication and is intended to be used here as sample data for illustrative purposes.</p>
DeepOWT v2.25.1: An updated and improved global offshore wind turbine dataset until 2025Q1
<p>DeepOWT (deep learning derived global offshore wind turbines) is an independent and openly accessible data set of offshore wind energy infrastructure locations and their temporal deployment dynamics on a global scale. It is derived by applying deep learning based object detection on ESA's spaceborne Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) archive. DeepOWT provides OWT locations along with their quarterly deployment stages from 2016Q1 until 2025Q1. It differentiates between platforms under construction, OWTs which are readily deployed and offshore wind farm substations, such as transformer stations.<br><br>The dataset continues the work of <a href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/4251/2022/">10.5194/essd-14-4251-2022</a>.</p> <p>File metadata</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>File</th> <th>Time</th> <th>Geometry</th> <th>Spatial extent</th> </tr> <tr> <td>DeepOWT.geojson (Dataset)</td> <td>2016Q1-2025Q1</td> <td>points</td> <td>Global</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_nsb.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>North Sea Basin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_ecs.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>East China Sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_vtn.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>Southeast Vietnamese Coast</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_nsb_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>North Sea Basin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_ecs_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>East China Sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_ecs_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>Southeast Vietnamese Coast</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Used semantic label</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>open sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>under construction</td> </tr> <tr> <td>offshore wind turbine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>offshore wind farm substation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p>
Hydroelastic response of the scaled model of a floating offshore wind turbine platform in waves: HELOFOW Project Database
<p>This dataset contains the data measured during the <strong>HELOFOW </strong>model test campaign, performed at the Ocean and Hydrodynamic Engineering wave tank of Ecole Centrale Nantes (ECN): decay tests, regular wave tests and irregular waves tests. The preprocessed measured data is contained in MAT files.</p> <p>The model, the measurements and the tests are described in the appended Excel files. A Matlab(R) function is given as a short example to show how the MAT files are structured and how data may be handled for a plot. </p> <p>As stated in the reference paper (Leroy et al., <em>Ocean Engineering</em>, 2022):</p> <p>"As the size of floating wind turbines continues to increase, floating platforms reach dimensions that make their elastic and hydro-elastic behaviour significant. Several works in connection with the numerical modelling of the elastic behaviour of these wind turbines have been carried out but few validation data are available. This study focuses on the hydro-elastic response of a large floating wind turbine, in regular waves and severe sea-states. A new experimental wind turbine model has been designed to represent a 1:40 Froude-scaled spar platform carrying the DTU 10 MW turbine. The main challenge is here to reproduce a 1st bending mode frequency and hydrodynamic loads representative of a realistic large floating wind turbine. The platform model is made of a flexible backbone, reproducing the correct flexibility, and light floaters fixed on it provide the correctly scaled geometry. This experimental model is tested in various conditions including regular waves of several periods and steepness, and irregular waves of various intensity, including extreme 50-year return period conditions."</p> <p> </p> <p>This work was carried out within the framework of the WEAMEC, West Atlantic Marine Energy Community, and with funding from the Pays de la Loire Region and Europe (European Regional Development Fund). <br><br>HELOFOW project on <a href="https://www.weamec.fr/en/projects/helofow/">the WEAMEC website</a>. </p>
Oscillations of Offshore Wind Turbines undergoing Installation I: Raw Measurements
<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>This repository contains data from an offshore measurement campaign conducted during the installation of the offshore wind farm trianel wind farm borkum II (https://www.trianel-borkumzwei.de/). The wind farm consists of 32 Senvion 6XM152 turbines. The installation took place between August 2019 and May 2020.</p> <p>An offshore wind turbine undergoing installation is interesting from a research point of view for several reasons:</p> <ul> <li>Simple geometry: turbine foundation and tower are both rotationally symmetric steel tubes. Rotational symmetry also leads to (approximate) isotropical structural characteristics in the plane normal to tower and foundation.</li> <li>High Reynolds number flow: Assuming a tower diameter of 6 m, and average wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to 12 m/s under installation conditions, Reynolds numbers range from 4.5 million to 10.5 million.</li> <li>Wave loading under full-scale conditions.</li> <li>Practical relevance to improving the competetivity of offshore wind.</li> </ul> <p>For fluid mechanics, closely monitoring offshore wind turbines under wind and wave loading thus compares to a full-scale experiment. Monitoring 32 turbines undergoing installation thus enables the measurement a broad spectrum of different states.</p> <p>The investigation into the data is ongoing, questions and contributions are welcome. The current data release still does not include all data. The dataset will thus be updated again in the future with more data to come. First analytic results can be found here:</p> <p>Sander, A, Haselsteiner, AF, Barat, K, Janssen, M, Oelker, S, Ohlendorf, J, & Thoben, K. "Relative Motion During Single Blade Installation: Measurements From the North Sea." Proceedings of the ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 9: Ocean Renewable Energy. Virtual, Online. August 3–7, 2020. V009T09A069. ASME. <https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2020-18935></p> <p>Sander, A, Meinhardt, C & Thoben, KD. "Monitoring of Offshore Wind Turbines under Wind and Wave Loading during Installation" Proceedings of the EuroDyn 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics. Volume 1. Virtual, Online. November 23-26, 2020. <https://generalconferencefiles.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/eurodyn_2020_ebook_procedings_vol1.pdf></p> <p>Recordings of the conference presentations are available on youtube:</p> <ul> <li>OMAE20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcAwdv6Z4e4</li> <li>EURODYN20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iL-jAe0luTw</li> </ul> <p><strong>Physical Background</strong></p> <ol> <li>An offshore wind turbine under installation conditions can be simplified as a cantilevered beam (circular cross-section, rotationally symmetric wall thickness) with an eccentric mass (nacelle with generator) vibrating transversally (fore-aft and side-side in the reference system of the nacelle) under wind and wave loads.</li> <li>Both wind and wave loads are stochastic and are described using statistical models.</li> <li>Wave loads are a function of the sea state. For a sea state, the most important parameters are significant wave heigh H_m0 and Wave peak period T_P. To a lesser extend, wave direction, zero upcrossing period and maximum wave height are also important. Different statistical models can be used to describe the sea state and the relationship between significant wave heigh H_m0 and wave peak period. Most prominent in the North Sea is the JONSWAP spectrum.</li> <li>Wind loads are depending on wind speed, wind direction, shear factor and turbulence intensity. Different statistical models are available to describe the wind spectrum.</li> <li>Wind and wave loads trigger a structural response of the turbine. The structural response depends on the loading spectrum as well as the transfer function. Furthermore, the structural response is strongly depending on the damping and elasticity of the structure. In turbines, damping is typically very low (~ 0.5 - 1.5 %).</li> <li>The response is dominated by the first Eigenfrequency of the turbine. As the turbine is assumed to be rotationally symmetric, the fore-aft and side-side mode are extremely close together if not indistinguishable [1].</li> <li>The response has the characteristics of a narrow-band random vibration. A narrow-band random vibration is characterized by being dominated by a single, narrow frequency peak (here: first Eigenfrequency). The amplitude envelope follows a Rayleigh distribution and the phase angle is equally distributed between 0 and 2 pi.</li> <li>If viewed from above, the structural response describes a closed curve (orbit) which can be characterized by it shape (eccentricity), mean amplitude and direction. Mathematically speaking, this is a lissajous-figure, where the time series from one response direction is plotted as a function of the time series of the second response direction.</li> </ol> <p>[1]: under installation condition</p> <p><strong>Experimental Setup</strong></p> <p>Several locations were used to record data during the installation of the wind farm. They are listed in the following table:</p> <ul> <li>helihoist-{1,2}: data recorded from the helicopter hoisting platform atop the turbine nacelle. For most installations, two sensor boxes were deployed to ensure data availability.</li> <li>tp: Measurements from the transition piece</li> <li>sbitroot: Measurements from the blade lifting yoke's blade root side. The Z-axis is aligned to the blade main axis, X-Axis is perpendicular.</li> <li>sbittip: Measurements from the tip side of the blade lifting yoke. Z-axis aligned with the blade main axis, X-axis perpendicular</li> <li>damper: Measurements from the tuned mass damper used during single blade installation</li> <li>towertop: measurements from inside the turbine tower at the upper lift plattform</li> <li>towertransfer: measurements from atop the towers during sail out from the base harbour to the installation site </li> </ul> <p><strong>Organization of data</strong></p> <p>For each turbine installation, a separate folder can be found, e.g. turbine-01 for the first and turbine-16 for the 16th turbine. Turbine numbering follows the order of installation.</p> <p>Different data sources are organized in subfolders for each turbine dataset. Unfortunately, not every data source is available for each turbine. Data sources are roughly sorted into categories. The following table lists these categories:</p> <ul> <li>location / tom : data from custom build sensor boxes. Data includes acceleration, angular acceleration, magnetic field, gnss recording and rough estimates of the eulerian angles.</li> <li>waves / wmb-sued : Sea state statistics for the installatin period of the turbine.</li> <li>waves / fino : Sea state statistics from the german research platform FINO1 located approx. 6 km from the installation site.</li> <li>waves / waveradar : Sea state statstics, recorded by a wave rider wave laser. </li> <li>wind / lidar : high fidelity wind data recorded on the installation vessel during the installation of the wind farm.</li> <li>wind / scada : 10 min. mean wind statistisc recorded on wind turbines in the vicinity of the installation site. This data is used in case no LIDAR data is available.</li> <li>wind / anemometer : During some of the installations, anemometers were present on the installation vessel. These recordings are sorted into this sub-subfolder.</li> <li>wind / fino : Additonal wind statistics recorded by the FINO research station. Least recommended for investigations, as these recordings were taken approx. 6 km from the installation site.</li> </ul> <p>The zenodo data set includes 16 zip archives (for 16 turbines) as well as one zip archive including environmental data. The following lists the folder structure of the turbine-04.zip archive (with most of the data files removed for clarity).</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">└── turbines ├── turbine-04 │ ├── helihoist-1 │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_helihoist-1_tom_clean_2019-09-01-11-27-17_2019-09-01-11-54-00.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_helihoist-1_tom_clean_2019-09-01-11-54-00_2019-09-01-12-20-44.csv │ ├── sbitroot │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_sbitroot_tom_clean_2019-09-07-06-48-53_2019-09-07-07-17-16.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_sbitroot_tom_clean_2019-09-07-07-17-16_2019-09-07-07-45-59.csv │ ├── towertop │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertop_tom_clean_2000-01-06-18-55-52_2000-01-06-20-30-10.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertop_tom_clean_2000-01-06-20-30-11_2000-01-06-22-04-31.csv │ ├── towertransfer │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertransfer_tom_clean_2019-08-31-03-11-53_2019-08-31-04-00-09.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertransfer_tom_clean_2019-08-31-04-00-10_2019-08-31-04-48-19.csv │ └── tp │ └── tom │ └── clean │ ├── turbine-04_tp_tom_clean_2019-08-31-18-34-45_2019-08-31-19-07-52.csv │ ├── turbine-04_tp_tom_clean_2019-08-31-19-08-00_2019-08-31-19-40-43.csv </code></pre> <p>The following list the contents of the environment.zip archive. Note that again most of the data files have been removed for clarity. </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">└── environment ├── waves │ └── wmb-sued │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-15.csv │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-16.csv │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-17.csv └── wind └── lidar ├── lidar_2019-08-03.csv ├── lidar_2019-08-04.csv ├── lidar_2019-08-05.csv </code></pre> <p><strong>TOM data description</strong></p> <p>The abbreviation <strong>TOM</strong> referes to <em>Tower Oscillation Measurement</em> and the data that was acquired using a specific set of sensor boxes built by university of Bremen for this specific purpose. These Sensor Boxes were initially designed to measure accelerations and GPS tracks of offshore wind turbine towers undergoing installation. During the installation of the wind farm Trianel Windpark Borkum II they were subsequentially used to track the complete installation with a focus on single blade installation</p> <p>Data from the TOM devices comes as CSV files. The firmware of the boxes was designed, such that data was written into 10 MB sized txt files instead of one large txt file in order to circumvent data corruption due to power loss. However, this leads to a few milliseconds of missing data between log files. Additionally, jitter due to IO-Operations is present in the data as well and data should under all circumstance be resampled befor further analysis.</p> <p>Parameters provided by the TOM devices are listed in the following:</p> <ul> <li>epoch : machine readable time stamp based on the unix epoch in UTC [s] </li> <li>runtime : time since last boot of the tom device [ms] </li> <li>latitude : Degrees latitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due North] </li> <li>longitude : Degrees longitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due East] </li> <li>elevation : elevation above mean sea level [m] </li> <li>rot_{x,y,z} : Rotational acceleration around the three cartesian axis {x,y,z} of the TOM box. [degree / s^2] </li> <li>acc_{x,y,z} : linear acceleration in each of the three cartesian axis {x,y,z} in the reference system of the TOM box [m/s^2] </li> <li>mag_{x,y,z} : magnetic field strength in each of the local cartesian TOM box axis {x,y,z} [micro-Tesla] </li> <li>roll : eulerian roll angle (angle around the x Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> <li>pitch : eulerian pitch angle (angle around the y Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> <li>yaw : eulerian yaw angle (angle around the z Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> </ul> <p><strong>LIDAR wind data description</strong></p> <p>A Leosphere WindCube LIDAR was mounted on the installation vessel <em>Taillevent</em> to record the atmospheric boundary layer during installation. The data recorded by the lidar was exported as csvs and provided by the vessel operator. The raw data includes the following parameters</p> <ul> <li>epoch : time stamp as a unix epoch in UTC [s]</li> <li>wind_speed_N : The wind speed at the N'th return level [m/s]</li> <li>wind_dir_N : Wind direction at the N'th return level in the vessels reference frame [degree]</li> <li>wind_dir_N_corr : Wind direction at the N'th return level due North [degree due North]</li> <li>heigh_N : The height of the lidar return level [m] </li> </ul> <p>Data is resampled to a 1 s return interval. </p> <p><strong>wave data description</strong></p> <p>Wave data was recorded using a waverider wave buoy (DWR-G). The wave rider buoy was located at 54 00' 238'' degree North and 6 26' 553'' degree East. In decimals: 54.0031096 North, 6.4425532 East. Based on the raw data, sea state statistics were derived with a return period of 30 minutes.</p> <p>The data comes as csv, column oriented text files. The first line entails parameter names and units and is commented out by a hashbang (unix commentary). The data is a combination of two different data files as provided by the buoy: \*.HIS Data Text File (History of Spectrum parameters) and \*.HIW Data Text File (History of Wave Statistics). This results in the two timestamps in the data file because history of wave statistics data is available immediately after each measurement time period, whereas history of spectrum parameters take approx. 5 minutes to calculate by the buoy and thus have a slightly later time stamp. For actual postprocessing purposes, a third timestamp rounded to full half hour is used. Parameters included in the data files are:</p> <ul> <li>epoch: number of seconds since 1st of January 1970 in UTC. Common time stamp format in computing. [s]</li> <li>Tp Tp := 1 / fp, peak period, the frequency at which S(f) is maximal [s]</li> <li> Dirp peak direction, the direction at f = fp [deg due North]</li> <li> Sprp peak spread, the directional spread at f = fp [s]</li> <li> Tz Tz := sqrt(m0 / m2), zero-upcross period [s]</li> <li> Hm0 Hm0 := 4*sqrt(m0), the significant waveheight [m]</li> <li> TI TI := sqrt(m[-2] / m0), integral period [s]</li> <li> T1 T1 := m0 / m1, mean period [s]</li> <li> Tc Tc := sqrt(m2 / m4), crest period [s]</li> <li> Tdw2 Tdw2 := sqrt(m[-1] / m1) [s]</li> <li> Tdw1 Tdw1 := sqrt(m[-1,2] / m0) [s]</li> <li> Tpc Tpc := m[-2] * m1 / m0 ^ 2, calculated peak period [s]</li> <li> nu nu := sqrt((T1 / Tz) ^ 2 - 1), band width parameter [-]</li> <li> eps eps := sqrt(1 - (Tc / Tz) ^ 2), bandwidth parameter [-]</li> <li> QP QP := 2 * m[1,2] / m0 ^ 2, Goda's peakedness parameter [-]</li> <li> Ss Ss :=2 * pi / g * Hs / Tz ^ 2, significant steepness [-]</li> <li> TRef TRef, reference temperature (25deg) [C]</li> <li> TSea TSea, sea surface temperature [C]</li> <li> Bat Bat, battery status (0..7) </li> <li> m[n] m[n] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) * f ^ n </li> <li> m[n,2] m[n,2] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) ^ 2 * f ^ n </li> <li> Percentage Percentage of data with no reception errors [%] </li> <li> Hmax Height of the highest wave [cm] </li> <li> Tmax Period of the highest wave) [s] </li> <li> H(1/10) Average height of 10% highest waves [cm] </li> <li> T(1/10) Average period of 10% highest waves [s] </li> <li> H(1/3) Average height of 33% highest waves [cm] </li> <li> T(1/3) Average period of 33% highest waves [s] </li> <li> Hav Average height of all waves [cm] </li> <li> Tav Average period of all waves) [s] </li> <li> Eps bandwidth parameter </li> <li> #Waves Number of waves</li> </ul> <p>Note: the m's are moments of the power spectral density S(f).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Plausible 2050 offshore wind locations in the North Sea
<p>This dataset contains a set of zones and points representing plausible locations for offshore wind farms and individual turbines to have been built in the North Sea by the years 2030, 2040, and 2050, based off the national ambitions announced up to summer 2024.</p> <p>This version (version 3) is a major revision. Many wind farm zones and most turbines have moved. Column names have changed. See readme.pdf for further information and a changelog.</p> <p>A full description of how these coordinates were arrived at is currently under development as a journal article, and once it is available this readme will be updated to link to it. Check the "latest version" link in Zenodo to see if this has already happened.</p> <p>If using this version, please cite the dataset directly using the title and authors above and DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14222865</p> <p>Please do not use "OSW zones.png" for serious work; use the underlying data instead. The image is included so as to give a useful preview in Zenodo.</p>
Techno-economic details of fixed-bottom offshore wind projects deployed in the European markets
<p>Version (with all files) - Updated version (research article is accepted).</p> <p>Publishing Date: July 10, 2022</p> <p>This dataset describes the techno-economic information of fixed-bottom offshore wind projects deployed in the North Sea region (DK, NL, BE, DE, and the UK). </p> <p>Contents: </p> <p>1) Offshore wind farm project prices and technical characteristics (farm size, turbine rated power, water depth, etc.,)</p> <p>2) Offshore wind farm capacity factor and cumulative energy generation</p> <p>3) Monopile weight </p> <p>4) Offshore wind farm installation duration </p> <p>5) UK offshore wind farms' transmission system cost</p> <p> </p>
Power production from the U.S. east coast offshore wind lease areas
<p>The accompanying file include information regarding the set up of WRF simulations of power production and wake extents from offshore wind lease areas along the U.S. east coast, and also data presented in figures in the "Wind power production from the U.S. east coast offshore lease areas" paper and the associated MATLAB data processing code.</p> <p>The US Department of Energy Office of Science (DE-SC0016605), the US Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority via the National Offshore Wind Research and Development consortium (147505) funded this research. This research was enabled by computational resources supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation via the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) (award TG-ATM170024) and ACI-1541215, and those of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.</p>
Datasets of the work named Development of a Low-Cost Smart Sensor GNSS System for Real-Time Positioning and Orientation for Floating Offshore Wind Platform
<pre>- 1_Motion_Simulator/ - IMU_results/ - 20211028101756.csv - 20220114101543.csv - 20220117000000.csv - Rotary_Table/ - 15/ - rover_20220105.nav - rover_20220105.obs - solution_20220105_CAS.log - 360/ - rover_20211221.nav - rover_20211221.obs - solution_20211221_CAS.log - 360-15/ - rover_20220202_CAS.nav - rover_20220202_CAS.obs - solution_20220202_CAS.log - Static_Tests/ - solution_SSRA00CAS0 - solution_SSRA00WHU0 - 2_GNSS_Signal_Simulator/ - platformmov_C1.xtd - platformmov_C2.xtd - platformmov_C3.xtd - TestBetaNoneMov_C1 - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.ubx - TestBetaNoneMov_C2 - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.ubx - TestBetaNoneMov_C3 - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.ubx - 3_Test_Sea/ - 20220503000000.xlsx - solution_28.nav - solution_28.obs - solution_28.ubx Background: {Journal Article using this dataset} 'Development of a Low-Cost Smart Sensor GNSS System for Real-Time Positioning and Orientation for Floating Offshore Wind Platform' Paper DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020925">https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020925</a> Abstract: a low-cost smart sensor GNSS system has been developed to provide accurate real-time position and orientation measurements on a floating offshore wind platform. The approach chosen to offer a viable and reliable solution for this application is based on the use of the well-known advantages of the GNSS system as the main driver for enhancing the accuracy of positioning. For this purpose, the data reported in this work are captured through a GNSS receiver operating over multiple frequency bands (L1, L2, L5) and combining signals from different constellations of navigation satellites (GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS), and they are processed through the precise point positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic (RTK) techniques. Furthermore, aiming to improve global positioning, the processing unit fuses the results obtained with the data acquired through an inertial measurement unit (IMU), reaching final accuracy of a few centimeters. To validate the system designed and developed in this proposal, three different sets of tests were carried out in a (i) rotary table at the laboratory, (ii) GNSS simulator, and (iii) real conditions in an oceanic buoy at sea. The real-time positioning solution was compared to solutions obtained by post-processing techniques in these three scenarios and similar results were satisfactorily achieved. </pre>
Offshore wind competitiveness in mature markets without subsidy - Supplementary Data
<p>This is the data set named "Supplementary Data 1" for the research paper "Offshore wind competitiveness in mature markets without subsidy". This data set also contains the raw data for reproducing Figure 1 through to Figure 4. The paper is currently under review and access is for peer-review purposes only.</p>
Onshore & offshore WRF generated wind data
<p>These data sets provide the WRF [1] calculated wind data for Pritzwalk (onshore) and FINO3 (offshore) as Python dictionaries. Additionally, the files contain k-means cluster objects derived from these profiles. These data sets were used for power assessment and design exploration of Airborne Wind Energy Systems using the awebox [2] optimization toolbox.</p> <p> </p> <p>WRF setups are described in detail and used in publication [3,4,5].</p> <p>Wind data are interpolated to fixed heights of: [10, 28, 50, 70, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200] meters above ground.</p> <p> </p> <p>Onshore wind data: </p> <ul> <li> <p>Location lat: 53° 10.78' N; long: 12° 11.35' E</p> </li> <li> <p>Time: 1 September 2015 - 31 August 2016</p> </li> <li> <p>Timestep: 10 min</p> </li> </ul> <p>Offshore wind data: </p> <ul> <li> <p>Location lat: 55° 11.7' N, long: 7° 9.5' E</p> </li> <li> <p>Time: 1 September 2013 - 31 August 2014</p> </li> <li> <p>Timestep: 10 min</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The clusters are derived from both horizontal wind velocity components using the scikit-learn’s k-means clustering algorithm [6]. For our purposes, wind vectors were rotated such that the main wind speed always points in the same direction (u_main,u_deviation).</p> <p>[1]: <a href="https://www.mmm.ucar.edu/weather-research-and-forecasting-model"> Weather Research and Forecasting Model </a></p> <p>[2]: <a href="https://github.com/awebox/awebox">awebox</a></p> <p>[3]: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-563-2019">Improving mesoscale wind speed forecasts using lidar-based observation nudging for airborne wind energy systems</a></p> <p>[4]: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2020-120">Offshore and onshore ground-generation airborne wind energy power curve characterization </a></p> <p>[5]:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2020-123">Ground-generation airborne wind energy design space exploration </a></p> <p>[6]: <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.KMeans.html">sklearn.cluster.KMeans</a></p>
Source data for "Halving the North Sea's offshore wind energy carbon footprint"
<p>This dataset provides source data for the paper "Halving the North Sea’s offshore wind energy carbon footprint". It contains basic geographical factors, including wind speed, water depth, and distance from shore, and environmental impact intensities, including steel, Cu, and Al use, climate change, marine ecotoxicity, and marine eutrophication impacts. For more details, please refer to https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.2c02183 and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032122004993. </p>
Balancing profitability of energy production, societal impacts and biodiversity in offshore wind farm design
<p>Dataset related to the article: Virtanen, E.A., Lappalainen, J., Nurmi, M., Viitasalo, M., Tikanmäki, M., Heinonen, J., Atlaskin, E., Kallasvuo, M., Tikkanen, H., Moilanen, A. (2022) Balancing profitability of energy production, societal impacts and biodiversity in offshore wind farm design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158, 112087.</p> <p>Dataset includes suitability maps for offshore windfarms, where priority values are scaled between 0-1 (note the reversed value scale): analysis solution (A) economy, (B) society, (C) biodiversity, (D) restrictions, (E) A+B+C without restrictions and (F) A+B+C with restrictions. Dataset includes also the conflict map (and R script), where each three main solutions (A, B, C) are mapped onto an RGB color composite map. </p> <p>Additional details can be found from the published article: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112087">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112087</a></p>
Wind shadows from U.S. east coast offshore wind energy lease areas.
<p>Georeferenced data layers describing whole wind farm wakes (wind shadows) for use in planning and development along the U.S. east coast based on WRF simulations performed using the accompanying namelist. Full details of the analysis are provided in: Pryor and Barthelmie: Wind shadows impact planning of large offshore wind farms</p> <p> </p> <p>This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) (DE-SC0016605). The research used computing resources from the National Science Foundation: Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) (allocation award to SCP is TG-ATM170024) and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.</p>
SparBOFWEC Spar Buoy for Offshore Floating Wind Energy Conversion - Data Storage Report
<p>The present work describes the experiences gained from the design methodology and operation of a 3D physical model experiment aimed to investigate the dynamic behaviour of a spar buoy (SB) off-shore floating wind turbine (WT) under different wind and wave conditions. The physical model tests have been performed at Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) off-shore wave basin within the European Union-Hydralab+ Initiative, in April 2019. The floating WT model has been subjected to a combination of regular and irregular wave attacks and wind loads.</p>
Offshore wind turbine damage probability maps and hub height TC wind speeds for U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts exposed to historical and future tropical cyclones
<p>Damage probability maps for offshore wind turbines exposed to tropical cyclones (TCs) under both historical and future climate scenarios along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts are presented in this dataset. TCs are generated using <a href="../records/10392725" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Risk Analysis Framework for Tropical Cyclones (RAFT)</a>, forced by <a href="https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CMIP6</a> historical and future global climate simulations. Maximum wind speeds for 20- and 50-year TCs are processed through a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148120311423">fragility function</a> specific to offshore wind (OSW) turbines in order to estimate the probability of damage – specifically yielding and buckling – based on wind speed intensity. </p> <p><strong>Included data:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>TC wind speeds:</strong> Peak 10-min mean hub height (90m) TC wind speed maps</li> <li><strong>Damage states:</strong> Yielding and Buckling probability maps for OSW turbines</li> <li><strong>Geographic coverage:</strong> U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (up to 200km from the shoreline)</li> <li><strong>Time periods:</strong> Historic (1980-2014) and Future (2066-2100)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Methodology:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Tropical cyclone simulation:</strong> The RAFT TC model is used to simulate storms for historical and future climates using CMIP6 environmental conditions.</li> <li><strong>TC impact metric:</strong> Wind speeds associated with 20- and 50-year return period TCs are used to estimate the aerodynamic and sea wave loading on OSW turbines.</li> <li><strong>Fragility functions:</strong> Wind speeds are input into a fragility function developed for OSW turbines, estimating the probability of yielding and buckling damage.</li> <li><strong>Damage probability maps:</strong> The results consist of eight (8) gridded damage probability maps representing the likelihoods of yielding and buckling to OSW turbines from 20- and 50-year TCs under historical and future climatic conditions.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Potential Uses:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Assessing the spatial vulnerability of OSW infrastructure to TCs</li> <li>Supporting decision-making for the design and siting of turbines</li> <li>Evaluating the impact of climate change on the risk of damage to OSW infrastructure</li> </ul> <p>For further insights into this dataset, users are encouraged to refer to the associated paper: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01887-6">https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01887-6</a></p> <p>This dataset offers valuable insights into the potential impact of TCs on offshore wind infrastructure, aiding in risk assessment and resilience planning for the renewable energy sector.</p> <p> </p>
Oscillations of Offshore Wind Turbines undergoing Installation II: Filtered and Integrated data - acceleration, velocity, displacement
<p>This is dataset is based on the raw measurement data from <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5009061">https://zenodo.org/record/5009061</a></p> <p>The data included in the archives are the resampled and high-pass filtered accelerations as well as the velocity and displacement data.</p>
Comparison of Large Eddy Simulations against measurements from the Lillgrund offshore wind farm - Manuscript data
<p>Time averaged power and farm inflow velocity for the manuscript "Comparison of Large Eddy Simulations against measurements from the Lillgrund offshore wind farm" for publication in the wind energy science journal. Data is uploaded for the 5 simulation cases covered.</p> <p>'Power' files contain average power production for 48 turbines. First row corresponds to LES data, second row corresponds to SCADA data from the Lillgrund wind farm.</p> <p>'Velocity' files contain inflow mean velocity measurements at the 72 range gate locations. First row corresponds to LES inflow data, second row corresponds to LIDAR inflow data from the Lillgrund wind farm.</p>
The role of policies in reducing the cost of capital for offshore wind
<p>The dataset contains the data represented in the graphs in the publication The role of policies in reducing the cost of capital for offshore wind</p>
Data for Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large conflicting areas with offshore wind energy development worldwide
<p>This dataset contains;</p> <p>1) The dataset (sample_point_data.Rdata) to develop the Structural Equation model </p> <p>2) The spatial tiff bivariate maps for small-ranged seabird and marine mammals and fish and zooplankton biomass respectively</p> <p>3) The Potential Feeding Sites likelihood map in a tiff format</p> <p>4) The global power density at 200m </p> <p>5) Dataset of risk category and corresponding values and coordinates for spatial representation</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.