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WILLOW - Norther: data set for the full-scale validation of model-based virtual sensing methods for an operational offshore wind turbine
<h1><em><strong>1. General description </strong></em></h1> <p>This data set contains as-build design information, as well as full-scale vibration response measurements from an operational offshore wind-turbine. The turbine is part of the Norther wind farm which is located in the Belgian North Sea<em> </em>and includes a total of 44 Vestas V164 (8.4MW) wind turbines on monopile foundations, see <a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/Fig1_Norther_locaction.png/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fig1_Norther_locaction.png</a>. This data set is intended to verify and validate model-based virtual sensing algorithms, using data as well as modeling information from a real turbine. </p> <h2><em><strong>1.1 Summary of the shared structural information</strong></em></h2> <p>The included information entails a detailed description of the geometric properties of the monopile and transition piece, distributed and lumped structural masses . All information shared in this record is conform the as-designed documentation. An example of the lumped masses considered in the model input files is presented in "<a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/Fig2_Sensor_Network.png/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fig2_Sensor_Network.png"</a></p> <h2><em><strong>1.2 Summary of the shared geotechnical information</strong></em></h2> <p>Monopiles are distinguished by the significant role of soil-structure interaction. Ground reaction is most typically included in the structural model as non-linear p-y curves. Different p-y curves are available for a certain number of soils in the standards applicable to offshore structures (API RP 2GEO, 2011, and ISO 19901-4:2016(E), 2016).</p> <p>The required soil properties to define p-y curves according to the API framework are given in the soil profile provided in a separate Excel. Rather than symbols, the name of the soil properties is generally used as column header (e.g., <em>Undrained shear strength</em>). Therefore, it is straightforward to identify each soil parameter. The only soil parameter that might lead to confusion is:</p> <ul> <li><em>"epsilon50 [-]" </em>represents the vertical strain at half the maximum principal stress difference in a static undrained triaxial compression test on an undisturbed soil sample.</li> </ul> <p>It's worthy to note that estimates for the small shear strain stiffness, referred to as Gmax, are also included. Despite not being required as an input to define the API p-y curves, this parameter remains a key input for other soil reaction frameworks than the API (e.g., PISA). </p> <h2><em><strong>1.3 Summary of the shared measurement data</strong></em></h2> <p>Two sets of measurement data have been curated for validation purposes; the first interval has been collected during parked conditions, whereas the second interval has been collected during rated operational conditions. Both records have a length of 2 hours, and are subdivided into 10-minute data sets. Furthermore 1Hz SCADA data has been made available for the selected intervals. All different data sources are time synchronized and have been subjected to several internal quality checks. </p> <p>The sensor network on NRT-WTG is illustrated in in <strong>Fig. 2, </strong>whereas a description of the sensor types is presented in <strong>Tab.1.</strong> The acceleration sensors are installed in the horizontal plane, and measure tangential (Y) and orthogonal (X) to the wall, where the positive Y direction is pointing clockwise and the positive X direction is pointing inwards. All strain sensors are installed vertically and are located on the inside of the wall.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Data type </strong></td> <td><strong>Sensor type</strong></td> <td><strong>Fs (Hz)</strong></td> <td> <p><strong>Level mLAT (m)</strong></p> </td> <td><strong>Description </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Acceleration (g) </td> <td>Piezo-electric acc. sensor (<strong>ACC</strong>)</td> <td>30</td> <td>15, 69, 97 </td> <td>3 Bi-directional accelerometers at different levels. LAT 15 installed at 240 degree heading; LAT 69 and 97 at 60 degree.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strain (micro strain)</td> <td>Resistive strain gauge (<strong>SG</strong>)</td> <td>30</td> <td>14</td> <td>6 SGs: equally spaced around the inner circumference of the can. Headings: 50, 110, 170, 230, 290, 350 degree.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strain (micro strain)</td> <td>Fiber-Bragg Grating strain gauge (<strong>FBG</strong>)</td> <td>100</td> <td>-17, -19</td> <td>2 FBGs per level at 165 and 255 degree respectively.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 1. Description of sensor types.</strong></p> <p>The FBG strain time series have been synchronized with the SG time series using using a cross-correlation based approach. Therefore the SG data has been used to genereate refrence strain time series at the headings of the FBG sensors; the FBG data is subsequently synchronized with regard to this reference time series. No synchronization of the acceleration data was needed, since these are collected using the same data aquisition system as the SG data. </p> <p>The SG strain time series have been calibrated and temperature compensated, whereas this is not the case for the FBG strain time series. The latter have a yet to be determined calibration offset. </p> <p>In conjunction to the sensor channels presented in <strong>Tab. 1</strong>, 1 Hz SCADA data is provided. A summary of the provided SCADA parameters, all sampled at 1Hz, is presented in <strong>Tab 2.</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Parameter</strong></td> <td><strong>Unit</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wind speed</td> <td>m/s</td> <td>Wind speed as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wind direction</td> <td>°</td> <td>Wind direction relative to North (0°) as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yaw angle</td> <td>°</td> <td>Yaw orientation of the nacelle relative to North (0°) as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pitch angle</td> <td>°</td> <td>Rotor blade pitch as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rotor speed</td> <td>rpm</td> <td>Rotor speed in rotations per minute as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Power</td> <td>kW</td> <td>Active power of the turbine as recorded in the turbine SCADA</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 2. </strong>List of provided SCADA parameters</p> <p> </p> <p>A summary of the selected intervals and relevant corresponding scada parameters is given in <strong>Tab 3</strong>.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Scenario </strong></td> <td><strong>T1 (UTC)</strong></td> <td><strong>T2 (UTC) </strong></td> <td><strong>Windspeed</strong></td> <td><strong>RPM </strong></td> <td><strong>Pitch </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Parked</td> <td> <p>03/07 01:30</p> </td> <td> <p>03/07 03:30</p> </td> <td>< 4.5 m/s</td> <td>~1</td> <td>~18 °</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rated</td> <td> <p>05/07 22:30</p> </td> <td> <p>06/07 00:30 </p> </td> <td>~15 m/s</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>8.1°</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 3. </strong>Selected data intervals and relevant scada parameters</p> <p> </p> <h1><em><strong>2. Included in this version </strong></em></h1> <h2><em><strong>2.1 Version - 0.1.0</strong></em></h2> <ul> <li>Relevant Design information can be found in: <ul> <li>Geometry data for NRT-WTG: "WILLOW-Geometry_v4.xlsx"</li> <li>Best estimate soil profile: "WILLOW-BE_soil_profile.xlsx"</li> </ul> </li> <li>Acceleration, strain and scada data can be found in the following parquet files: <ul> <li>Measurement data for the parked case: "NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz"</li> <li>Measurement data for the rated case: "NRT-WTG_Rated.parquet.gz"</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <h1><em><strong>3. Importing parquet files </strong></em></h1> <p>To import the measurement data into Python it is recommended to use pandas:</p> <pre>import pandas as pd<br># Read Parquet file with Pandas: relative_file_path = '<a href="../api/records/11093262/draft/files/NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NRT-WTG_Parked.parquet.gz</a>' data = pd.read_parquet(relative_file_path ) <br><br>Once the dataframe has been imported, the users can process/re-arrange the raw data according the their needs; it should be noted that the imported dataframe contains NAN values - these are caused by the different sampling rates of the provided signals. </pre>
Data supplement for "Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms" - Wind Energy Science Journal
<p>These data are supplements for the calculations of the methods from the article "Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms".<br> The data was used to produce the results from the publication and is intended to be used here as sample data for illustrative purposes.</p>
Bulk, biomarker and mineralogy data of grain size fractions along a land-sea transect offshore the Atchafalaya river, northern Gulf of Mexico
<p>This dataset comprises the bulk, biomarker and mineralogy data of partitioned surface sediments along a land-sea transect offshore the Atchafalaya River, northern Gulf of Mexico. It includes the total concentrations of the biomarkers and proxies as presented in the accompanied publication, as well as concentrations of single isomers. Supplement to: Yedema et al., (2024); Influence of Organo-mineral Associations on Terrestrial Particulate Organic Matter Dispersal in the northern Gulf of Mexico (doi.)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>This research has been supported by the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (grant no. 024.002.001)</strong></p> <p> </p>
CLA Yahara Lakes Citizen Offshore Water Quality Monitoring 2016 - 2017
In 2013, Clean Lakes Alliance (CLA) launched a Citizen Water Quality Monitoring pilot. Objectives included evaluating and tracking nearshore water quality conditions on all five Yahara lakes: Lakes Mendota, Monona, Waubesa, Kegonsa and Wingra. In 2016, in order to fully understand the interaction between the offshore and nearshore environment, CLA volunteers will begin sampling the deepest point (deep hole) of all Yahara lakes. The offshore monitoring program will focus on two components: water clarity sampling and dissolved oxygen and temperature measurement. Data from the offshore monitoring program will be compared to data from the nearshore program.
DeepOWT v2.25.1: An updated and improved global offshore wind turbine dataset until 2025Q1
<p>DeepOWT (deep learning derived global offshore wind turbines) is an independent and openly accessible data set of offshore wind energy infrastructure locations and their temporal deployment dynamics on a global scale. It is derived by applying deep learning based object detection on ESA's spaceborne Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) archive. DeepOWT provides OWT locations along with their quarterly deployment stages from 2016Q1 until 2025Q1. It differentiates between platforms under construction, OWTs which are readily deployed and offshore wind farm substations, such as transformer stations.<br><br>The dataset continues the work of <a href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/4251/2022/">10.5194/essd-14-4251-2022</a>.</p> <p>File metadata</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>File</th> <th>Time</th> <th>Geometry</th> <th>Spatial extent</th> </tr> <tr> <td>DeepOWT.geojson (Dataset)</td> <td>2016Q1-2025Q1</td> <td>points</td> <td>Global</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_nsb.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>North Sea Basin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_ecs.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>East China Sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_2021Q2_vtn.geojson (Ground Truth Location)</td> <td>2021Q2</td> <td>polygons</td> <td>Southeast Vietnamese Coast</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_nsb_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>North Sea Basin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_ecs_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>East China Sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gt_ecs_gridded.geojson (Ground Truth Region)</td> <td>-</td> <td>polygon</td> <td>Southeast Vietnamese Coast</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Used semantic label</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>open sea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>under construction</td> </tr> <tr> <td>offshore wind turbine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>offshore wind farm substation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p>
Hydroelastic response of the scaled model of a floating offshore wind turbine platform in waves: HELOFOW Project Database
<p>This dataset contains the data measured during the <strong>HELOFOW </strong>model test campaign, performed at the Ocean and Hydrodynamic Engineering wave tank of Ecole Centrale Nantes (ECN): decay tests, regular wave tests and irregular waves tests. The preprocessed measured data is contained in MAT files.</p> <p>The model, the measurements and the tests are described in the appended Excel files. A Matlab(R) function is given as a short example to show how the MAT files are structured and how data may be handled for a plot. </p> <p>As stated in the reference paper (Leroy et al., <em>Ocean Engineering</em>, 2022):</p> <p>"As the size of floating wind turbines continues to increase, floating platforms reach dimensions that make their elastic and hydro-elastic behaviour significant. Several works in connection with the numerical modelling of the elastic behaviour of these wind turbines have been carried out but few validation data are available. This study focuses on the hydro-elastic response of a large floating wind turbine, in regular waves and severe sea-states. A new experimental wind turbine model has been designed to represent a 1:40 Froude-scaled spar platform carrying the DTU 10 MW turbine. The main challenge is here to reproduce a 1st bending mode frequency and hydrodynamic loads representative of a realistic large floating wind turbine. The platform model is made of a flexible backbone, reproducing the correct flexibility, and light floaters fixed on it provide the correctly scaled geometry. This experimental model is tested in various conditions including regular waves of several periods and steepness, and irregular waves of various intensity, including extreme 50-year return period conditions."</p> <p> </p> <p>This work was carried out within the framework of the WEAMEC, West Atlantic Marine Energy Community, and with funding from the Pays de la Loire Region and Europe (European Regional Development Fund). <br><br>HELOFOW project on <a href="https://www.weamec.fr/en/projects/helofow/">the WEAMEC website</a>. </p>
Groundwater-derived nutrient fluxes and offshore mixing rates along the New Jersey coast 21-23
Radium isotopes are natural tracers useful for studying the magnitude of groundwater discharge and the transport and fate of nutrients in the coastal ocean. We collected radium and nutrient samples from groundwater and surface waters along the southern New Jersey coast to calculate the flux of groundwater-derived nutrients and coastal mixing rates. These data serve as baselines for assessing future changes in the magnitude and quality of groundwater discharge driven by human activity and climate change.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Water Column: Offshore Ocean Acidification: Water Profiles, CTD, and Chemistry from 2005 to 2012
This data package contains water chemistry measurements taken 2 to 4 times per year at a station 5 km offshore of the north shore of Moorea, French Polynesia. Measurements include standard CTD parameters, phosphate, silicate, total alkalinity (TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Sampling began in August, 2005. All water samples were collected with Niskin Bottles. This data includes excerpts from CTD data were collected with a SBE19-Plus Seacat Profiler. CTD and bottle samples were taken on separate casts at each station. (For full CTD data refer to knb-lter-mcr.10.) All other parameters were calculated from temperature, pressure, nutrients, TA and DIC with CO2Sys programs available at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html (Lewis E. and D. Wallace Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations) using constants K1, K2 from Mehrbach et al, 1973 refit by Dickson and Millero, 1987, Dickson KHSO4, and the Seawater pH scale (mol/kg-SW). If users wish to use different constants and scales, they will need to recalculate using the emperically collected data (TA and DIC).
Stratigraphy and genesis of the Biogenic Reefs in the Venice offshore: Tegnùa Chioggia, Site 2, Rock samples.
<p>Rock samples</p> <p>Research Activity: Geology of the Northern Adriatic Biogenic Reefs</p> <p>Project: Stratigraphy and genesis of the Biogenic Reefs in the Venice offshore </p> <p>Scientific coordinators: Sandra Donnici (CNR) and Luigi Tosi (CNR)</p> <p>Scientific Divers: Andrea Bergamasco (CNR), Luigi Tosi (CNR)</p> <p>Surface coordinator: Sandra Donnici (CNR)</p> <p>Sampling Date: 2013.10.18</p> <p>Sampling Site: Tegnùa Chioggia</p> <p>Site Coordinates: 45.230503 N; 12.489984 E (DEG WGS84)</p> <p>Seabed Depth: 22.2 m</p> <p>Biogenic reef elevation: 1.5 m</p>
Geophysical data from offshore Malta
<p>Geophysical data accompanying scientific paper on freshened groundwater offshore the Maltese Islands.</p>
3D CMT catalogue of moderate size offshore earthquakes along the Nankai Trough
<p>3D CMT inversion solutions of moderate-size earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, <strong>version 3.1. </strong> </p> <ul> <li>Analyzed periods: <strong>January 2003 to December 2020</strong> <ul> <li>The catalog version 3, containing CMT solutions from January 2003 to April 2020.</li> <li>The catalog version 2.2, which is containing CMT solutions from April 2004 to August 2019, has been published in GJI (Takemura, Okuwaki et al. 2020 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa238">doi:10.1093/gji/ggaa238</a>).</li> </ul> </li> <li>The method is described in Takemura, Okuwaki, et al., 2020, GJI, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa238">doi:10.1093/gji/ggaa238</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/nbd79">the submitted preprint</a>. </li> </ul> <p>If you use this version, you should cite the appropriate DOI and Takemura, Okuwaki, et al. 2020 GJI.</p> <p><strong>Included files</strong></p> <ul> <li>YYYYMMDDHHMM_25-100s__CMT.dat<br> CMT solutions at all selected source grids for an earthquake that occurred at HH:MM on DDth MM YYYY (JST). Latitude, longitude, depth, VR [%], M<sub>rr</sub>, M<sub>tt</sub>, M<sub>ff</sub>, M<sub>rt</sub>, M<sub>rf</sub>, M<sub>tf</sub>, exponent (dyne-cm), Mo [Nm], strike1, dip1, rake1, strike2, dip2, rake2, Mw, index of source grid (internal parameter), and centroid time are listed. </li> <li>YYYYMMDDHHMM_25-100s__CMTparam.dat<br> Input directory (internal parameter), Green's function directory (internal parameter), the number of source grids, the number of used stations, station names used in CMT inversion, frequency range, initial epicenter and distance range are listed.</li> <li>3DCMTcatalog_v3.csv<br> CSV format file of the 3D CMT catalog for earthquakes with Mw of 4.3-6.5</li> <li>catalog3DCMT_Takemura2019_Mw7.2_7.5SEKii.csv<br> CSV format file of the 3D CMT catalog for the Mw 7.2 and 7.5 southeast off the Kii Peninsula earthquake occurred on 19:07 and 23:57 5th September 2004 (JST), respectively.</li> </ul>
Oscillations of Offshore Wind Turbines undergoing Installation I: Raw Measurements
<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>This repository contains data from an offshore measurement campaign conducted during the installation of the offshore wind farm trianel wind farm borkum II (https://www.trianel-borkumzwei.de/). The wind farm consists of 32 Senvion 6XM152 turbines. The installation took place between August 2019 and May 2020.</p> <p>An offshore wind turbine undergoing installation is interesting from a research point of view for several reasons:</p> <ul> <li>Simple geometry: turbine foundation and tower are both rotationally symmetric steel tubes. Rotational symmetry also leads to (approximate) isotropical structural characteristics in the plane normal to tower and foundation.</li> <li>High Reynolds number flow: Assuming a tower diameter of 6 m, and average wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to 12 m/s under installation conditions, Reynolds numbers range from 4.5 million to 10.5 million.</li> <li>Wave loading under full-scale conditions.</li> <li>Practical relevance to improving the competetivity of offshore wind.</li> </ul> <p>For fluid mechanics, closely monitoring offshore wind turbines under wind and wave loading thus compares to a full-scale experiment. Monitoring 32 turbines undergoing installation thus enables the measurement a broad spectrum of different states.</p> <p>The investigation into the data is ongoing, questions and contributions are welcome. The current data release still does not include all data. The dataset will thus be updated again in the future with more data to come. First analytic results can be found here:</p> <p>Sander, A, Haselsteiner, AF, Barat, K, Janssen, M, Oelker, S, Ohlendorf, J, & Thoben, K. "Relative Motion During Single Blade Installation: Measurements From the North Sea." Proceedings of the ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 9: Ocean Renewable Energy. Virtual, Online. August 3–7, 2020. V009T09A069. ASME. <https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2020-18935></p> <p>Sander, A, Meinhardt, C & Thoben, KD. "Monitoring of Offshore Wind Turbines under Wind and Wave Loading during Installation" Proceedings of the EuroDyn 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics. Volume 1. Virtual, Online. November 23-26, 2020. <https://generalconferencefiles.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/eurodyn_2020_ebook_procedings_vol1.pdf></p> <p>Recordings of the conference presentations are available on youtube:</p> <ul> <li>OMAE20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcAwdv6Z4e4</li> <li>EURODYN20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iL-jAe0luTw</li> </ul> <p><strong>Physical Background</strong></p> <ol> <li>An offshore wind turbine under installation conditions can be simplified as a cantilevered beam (circular cross-section, rotationally symmetric wall thickness) with an eccentric mass (nacelle with generator) vibrating transversally (fore-aft and side-side in the reference system of the nacelle) under wind and wave loads.</li> <li>Both wind and wave loads are stochastic and are described using statistical models.</li> <li>Wave loads are a function of the sea state. For a sea state, the most important parameters are significant wave heigh H_m0 and Wave peak period T_P. To a lesser extend, wave direction, zero upcrossing period and maximum wave height are also important. Different statistical models can be used to describe the sea state and the relationship between significant wave heigh H_m0 and wave peak period. Most prominent in the North Sea is the JONSWAP spectrum.</li> <li>Wind loads are depending on wind speed, wind direction, shear factor and turbulence intensity. Different statistical models are available to describe the wind spectrum.</li> <li>Wind and wave loads trigger a structural response of the turbine. The structural response depends on the loading spectrum as well as the transfer function. Furthermore, the structural response is strongly depending on the damping and elasticity of the structure. In turbines, damping is typically very low (~ 0.5 - 1.5 %).</li> <li>The response is dominated by the first Eigenfrequency of the turbine. As the turbine is assumed to be rotationally symmetric, the fore-aft and side-side mode are extremely close together if not indistinguishable [1].</li> <li>The response has the characteristics of a narrow-band random vibration. A narrow-band random vibration is characterized by being dominated by a single, narrow frequency peak (here: first Eigenfrequency). The amplitude envelope follows a Rayleigh distribution and the phase angle is equally distributed between 0 and 2 pi.</li> <li>If viewed from above, the structural response describes a closed curve (orbit) which can be characterized by it shape (eccentricity), mean amplitude and direction. Mathematically speaking, this is a lissajous-figure, where the time series from one response direction is plotted as a function of the time series of the second response direction.</li> </ol> <p>[1]: under installation condition</p> <p><strong>Experimental Setup</strong></p> <p>Several locations were used to record data during the installation of the wind farm. They are listed in the following table:</p> <ul> <li>helihoist-{1,2}: data recorded from the helicopter hoisting platform atop the turbine nacelle. For most installations, two sensor boxes were deployed to ensure data availability.</li> <li>tp: Measurements from the transition piece</li> <li>sbitroot: Measurements from the blade lifting yoke's blade root side. The Z-axis is aligned to the blade main axis, X-Axis is perpendicular.</li> <li>sbittip: Measurements from the tip side of the blade lifting yoke. Z-axis aligned with the blade main axis, X-axis perpendicular</li> <li>damper: Measurements from the tuned mass damper used during single blade installation</li> <li>towertop: measurements from inside the turbine tower at the upper lift plattform</li> <li>towertransfer: measurements from atop the towers during sail out from the base harbour to the installation site </li> </ul> <p><strong>Organization of data</strong></p> <p>For each turbine installation, a separate folder can be found, e.g. turbine-01 for the first and turbine-16 for the 16th turbine. Turbine numbering follows the order of installation.</p> <p>Different data sources are organized in subfolders for each turbine dataset. Unfortunately, not every data source is available for each turbine. Data sources are roughly sorted into categories. The following table lists these categories:</p> <ul> <li>location / tom : data from custom build sensor boxes. Data includes acceleration, angular acceleration, magnetic field, gnss recording and rough estimates of the eulerian angles.</li> <li>waves / wmb-sued : Sea state statistics for the installatin period of the turbine.</li> <li>waves / fino : Sea state statistics from the german research platform FINO1 located approx. 6 km from the installation site.</li> <li>waves / waveradar : Sea state statstics, recorded by a wave rider wave laser. </li> <li>wind / lidar : high fidelity wind data recorded on the installation vessel during the installation of the wind farm.</li> <li>wind / scada : 10 min. mean wind statistisc recorded on wind turbines in the vicinity of the installation site. This data is used in case no LIDAR data is available.</li> <li>wind / anemometer : During some of the installations, anemometers were present on the installation vessel. These recordings are sorted into this sub-subfolder.</li> <li>wind / fino : Additonal wind statistics recorded by the FINO research station. Least recommended for investigations, as these recordings were taken approx. 6 km from the installation site.</li> </ul> <p>The zenodo data set includes 16 zip archives (for 16 turbines) as well as one zip archive including environmental data. The following lists the folder structure of the turbine-04.zip archive (with most of the data files removed for clarity).</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">└── turbines ├── turbine-04 │ ├── helihoist-1 │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_helihoist-1_tom_clean_2019-09-01-11-27-17_2019-09-01-11-54-00.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_helihoist-1_tom_clean_2019-09-01-11-54-00_2019-09-01-12-20-44.csv │ ├── sbitroot │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_sbitroot_tom_clean_2019-09-07-06-48-53_2019-09-07-07-17-16.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_sbitroot_tom_clean_2019-09-07-07-17-16_2019-09-07-07-45-59.csv │ ├── towertop │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertop_tom_clean_2000-01-06-18-55-52_2000-01-06-20-30-10.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertop_tom_clean_2000-01-06-20-30-11_2000-01-06-22-04-31.csv │ ├── towertransfer │ │ └── tom │ │ └── clean │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertransfer_tom_clean_2019-08-31-03-11-53_2019-08-31-04-00-09.csv │ │ ├── turbine-04_towertransfer_tom_clean_2019-08-31-04-00-10_2019-08-31-04-48-19.csv │ └── tp │ └── tom │ └── clean │ ├── turbine-04_tp_tom_clean_2019-08-31-18-34-45_2019-08-31-19-07-52.csv │ ├── turbine-04_tp_tom_clean_2019-08-31-19-08-00_2019-08-31-19-40-43.csv </code></pre> <p>The following list the contents of the environment.zip archive. Note that again most of the data files have been removed for clarity. </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">└── environment ├── waves │ └── wmb-sued │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-15.csv │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-16.csv │ ├── wmb-sued_2019-08-17.csv └── wind └── lidar ├── lidar_2019-08-03.csv ├── lidar_2019-08-04.csv ├── lidar_2019-08-05.csv </code></pre> <p><strong>TOM data description</strong></p> <p>The abbreviation <strong>TOM</strong> referes to <em>Tower Oscillation Measurement</em> and the data that was acquired using a specific set of sensor boxes built by university of Bremen for this specific purpose. These Sensor Boxes were initially designed to measure accelerations and GPS tracks of offshore wind turbine towers undergoing installation. During the installation of the wind farm Trianel Windpark Borkum II they were subsequentially used to track the complete installation with a focus on single blade installation</p> <p>Data from the TOM devices comes as CSV files. The firmware of the boxes was designed, such that data was written into 10 MB sized txt files instead of one large txt file in order to circumvent data corruption due to power loss. However, this leads to a few milliseconds of missing data between log files. Additionally, jitter due to IO-Operations is present in the data as well and data should under all circumstance be resampled befor further analysis.</p> <p>Parameters provided by the TOM devices are listed in the following:</p> <ul> <li>epoch : machine readable time stamp based on the unix epoch in UTC [s] </li> <li>runtime : time since last boot of the tom device [ms] </li> <li>latitude : Degrees latitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due North] </li> <li>longitude : Degrees longitude in decimal writing. For Trianel: [degree due East] </li> <li>elevation : elevation above mean sea level [m] </li> <li>rot_{x,y,z} : Rotational acceleration around the three cartesian axis {x,y,z} of the TOM box. [degree / s^2] </li> <li>acc_{x,y,z} : linear acceleration in each of the three cartesian axis {x,y,z} in the reference system of the TOM box [m/s^2] </li> <li>mag_{x,y,z} : magnetic field strength in each of the local cartesian TOM box axis {x,y,z} [micro-Tesla] </li> <li>roll : eulerian roll angle (angle around the x Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> <li>pitch : eulerian pitch angle (angle around the y Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> <li>yaw : eulerian yaw angle (angle around the z Axis of the tom box) [degree] </li> </ul> <p><strong>LIDAR wind data description</strong></p> <p>A Leosphere WindCube LIDAR was mounted on the installation vessel <em>Taillevent</em> to record the atmospheric boundary layer during installation. The data recorded by the lidar was exported as csvs and provided by the vessel operator. The raw data includes the following parameters</p> <ul> <li>epoch : time stamp as a unix epoch in UTC [s]</li> <li>wind_speed_N : The wind speed at the N'th return level [m/s]</li> <li>wind_dir_N : Wind direction at the N'th return level in the vessels reference frame [degree]</li> <li>wind_dir_N_corr : Wind direction at the N'th return level due North [degree due North]</li> <li>heigh_N : The height of the lidar return level [m] </li> </ul> <p>Data is resampled to a 1 s return interval. </p> <p><strong>wave data description</strong></p> <p>Wave data was recorded using a waverider wave buoy (DWR-G). The wave rider buoy was located at 54 00' 238'' degree North and 6 26' 553'' degree East. In decimals: 54.0031096 North, 6.4425532 East. Based on the raw data, sea state statistics were derived with a return period of 30 minutes.</p> <p>The data comes as csv, column oriented text files. The first line entails parameter names and units and is commented out by a hashbang (unix commentary). The data is a combination of two different data files as provided by the buoy: \*.HIS Data Text File (History of Spectrum parameters) and \*.HIW Data Text File (History of Wave Statistics). This results in the two timestamps in the data file because history of wave statistics data is available immediately after each measurement time period, whereas history of spectrum parameters take approx. 5 minutes to calculate by the buoy and thus have a slightly later time stamp. For actual postprocessing purposes, a third timestamp rounded to full half hour is used. Parameters included in the data files are:</p> <ul> <li>epoch: number of seconds since 1st of January 1970 in UTC. Common time stamp format in computing. [s]</li> <li>Tp Tp := 1 / fp, peak period, the frequency at which S(f) is maximal [s]</li> <li> Dirp peak direction, the direction at f = fp [deg due North]</li> <li> Sprp peak spread, the directional spread at f = fp [s]</li> <li> Tz Tz := sqrt(m0 / m2), zero-upcross period [s]</li> <li> Hm0 Hm0 := 4*sqrt(m0), the significant waveheight [m]</li> <li> TI TI := sqrt(m[-2] / m0), integral period [s]</li> <li> T1 T1 := m0 / m1, mean period [s]</li> <li> Tc Tc := sqrt(m2 / m4), crest period [s]</li> <li> Tdw2 Tdw2 := sqrt(m[-1] / m1) [s]</li> <li> Tdw1 Tdw1 := sqrt(m[-1,2] / m0) [s]</li> <li> Tpc Tpc := m[-2] * m1 / m0 ^ 2, calculated peak period [s]</li> <li> nu nu := sqrt((T1 / Tz) ^ 2 - 1), band width parameter [-]</li> <li> eps eps := sqrt(1 - (Tc / Tz) ^ 2), bandwidth parameter [-]</li> <li> QP QP := 2 * m[1,2] / m0 ^ 2, Goda's peakedness parameter [-]</li> <li> Ss Ss :=2 * pi / g * Hs / Tz ^ 2, significant steepness [-]</li> <li> TRef TRef, reference temperature (25deg) [C]</li> <li> TSea TSea, sea surface temperature [C]</li> <li> Bat Bat, battery status (0..7) </li> <li> m[n] m[n] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) * f ^ n </li> <li> m[n,2] m[n,2] := Integral from f=0 to f=Inf over S(f) ^ 2 * f ^ n </li> <li> Percentage Percentage of data with no reception errors [%] </li> <li> Hmax Height of the highest wave [cm] </li> <li> Tmax Period of the highest wave) [s] </li> <li> H(1/10) Average height of 10% highest waves [cm] </li> <li> T(1/10) Average period of 10% highest waves [s] </li> <li> H(1/3) Average height of 33% highest waves [cm] </li> <li> T(1/3) Average period of 33% highest waves [s] </li> <li> Hav Average height of all waves [cm] </li> <li> Tav Average period of all waves) [s] </li> <li> Eps bandwidth parameter </li> <li> #Waves Number of waves</li> </ul> <p>Note: the m's are moments of the power spectral density S(f).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Plausible 2050 offshore wind locations in the North Sea
<p>This dataset contains a set of zones and points representing plausible locations for offshore wind farms and individual turbines to have been built in the North Sea by the years 2030, 2040, and 2050, based off the national ambitions announced up to summer 2024.</p> <p>This version (version 3) is a major revision. Many wind farm zones and most turbines have moved. Column names have changed. See readme.pdf for further information and a changelog.</p> <p>A full description of how these coordinates were arrived at is currently under development as a journal article, and once it is available this readme will be updated to link to it. Check the "latest version" link in Zenodo to see if this has already happened.</p> <p>If using this version, please cite the dataset directly using the title and authors above and DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14222865</p> <p>Please do not use "OSW zones.png" for serious work; use the underlying data instead. The image is included so as to give a useful preview in Zenodo.</p>
Offshore British Columbia microseismicity
<p>Initial and relocations of microseismicity in the Queen Charlotte triple junction and Explorer microplate region offshore British Columbia, Canada from 1995-2021. These data include detections using the Regressive Estimator (REST) algorithm and those from network analysts at the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). The files include earthquake locations, origin times, and P and S wave travel/arrival times. Centroid moment tensor solutions from the Geological Survey of Canada.</p> <p> </p> <p>1. comb_all_event_4pr_final.dat<br> All (63,566) 4-pair initial data (Unique GSC, REST, and matched events.)<br> Event header format:</p> <p>YYYY MM DD HH MM SC LAT LON DEP 0 0 0 0 ID</p> <p>2. phase_REST_initial_all.dat<br> Detections and locations for all REST events from 1995-2021. Excludes 9,929 events matched with the GSC.<br> Event header format:</p> <ol> <li>YYYY MM DD HH MM SC LAT LON DEP 0 0 0 0 ID<br> Phase detection format:<br> Station Traveltime Quality Phase</li> </ol> <p>3. phase_matchGSC_initial.dat<br> 9,929 events matched between REST-GSC detections from 1995-2021. Locations and phase detections from the GSC.<br> Event header format:</p> <ol> <li>YYYY MM DD HH MM SC LAT LON DEP 0 0 0 0 ID<br> Phase detection format:<br> Station Traveltime Quality Phase</li> </ol> <p>4. phase_GSC_initial_all_mag_ml.dat<br> 40,839 events from the GSC catalog from 1995-2021. Includes local (ML) magnitudes.<br> Event header format:</p> <ol> <li>YYYY MM DD HH MM SC LAT LON DEP MAG 0 0 0 ID<br> Phase detection format:<br> Station Traveltime Quality Phase</li> </ol> <p>5. hypreloc_fix5_4pr_all.reloc<br> 18,441 final hypoDD relocations in hypoDD file format.</p> <p>6. PGC_CMT.tgz<br> .tgz file includes Geological Survey of Canada centroid moment tensor solutions and associated README file.</p>
Techno-economic details of fixed-bottom offshore wind projects deployed in the European markets
<p>Version (with all files) - Updated version (research article is accepted).</p> <p>Publishing Date: July 10, 2022</p> <p>This dataset describes the techno-economic information of fixed-bottom offshore wind projects deployed in the North Sea region (DK, NL, BE, DE, and the UK). </p> <p>Contents: </p> <p>1) Offshore wind farm project prices and technical characteristics (farm size, turbine rated power, water depth, etc.,)</p> <p>2) Offshore wind farm capacity factor and cumulative energy generation</p> <p>3) Monopile weight </p> <p>4) Offshore wind farm installation duration </p> <p>5) UK offshore wind farms' transmission system cost</p> <p> </p>
NOAA NCCOS Assessment: Prioritizing Areas for Future Seafloor Mapping, Research, and Exploration Offshore of California, Oregon, and Washington from 2019-03-01 to 2019-04-01
<p>Spatial information about the seafloor is critical for decision-making by marine resource science, management and tribal organizations. Coordinating data needs can help organizations leverage collective resources to meet shared goals. To help enable this coordination, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) developed a spatial framework, process and online application to identify common data collection priorities for seafloor mapping, sampling and visual surveys offshore of the West Continental United States Coast (WCC). Twenty-six participants from NOAA’s West Coast Deep Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI) and Expanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) entered their priorities in an online application, using virtual coins to denote their priorities in 10x10 minute grid cells. Grid cells with more coins were higher priorities than cells with fewer coins. Participants also reported why these locations were important and what data types were needed. Results were analyzed and mapped using statistical techniques to identify significant relationships between priorities, reasons for those priorities and data needs. Ten high priority locations were broadly identified for future mapping, sampling and visual surveys. These locations were distributed throughout the WCC, primarily in depths less than 1,000 m. Participants consistently selected (1) Exploration, (2) Biota/Important Natural Area and (3) Research as their top reasons (i.e., justifications) for prioritizing locations, and (1) Benthic Habitat Map and (2) Bathymetry and Backscatter as their top data or product needs. This ESRI shapefile summarizes the results from this spatial prioritization effort. This information will enable NOAA WCDSCI, EXPRESS and other WCC organization to more efficiently leverage resources and coordinate their mapping of high priority locations along California, Oregon and Washington. </p> <p>This effort was funded by NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program (DSCRTP) through its WCDSCI. The overall goal of the project was to systematically gather and quantify suggestions for seafloor mapping, sampling and visual surveys for the WCDSCI and EXPRESS. The results are expected to help WCDSCI, EXPRESS and other organizations on the WCC to identify locations where their interests overlap with other organizations, to coordinate their data needs and to leverage collective resources to meet shared goals.</p> <p>There were four main steps in the WCC spatial prioritization process. The first step was to identify the technical advisory team, which included the 11 members of the DSCRTP WCDSCI Steering Committee and all of the participants involved in the EXPRESS campaign. This advisory team invited 37 participants for the prioritization. Step two was to develop the spatial framework and an online application. To do this, the WCC was divided into five subregions and 3,265 square grid cells approximately 10x10 minutes in size. Existing relevant spatial datasets (<em>e.g.</em>, bathymetry, protected area boundaries, etc.) were compiled to help participants understand information and data gaps and to identify areas they wanted to prioritize for future data collections. These spatial datasets were housed in the online application, which was developed using Esri’s Web AppBuilder. In step three, this online application was used by 26 participants to enter their priorities in each subregion of interest. Participants allocated virtual coins in the 10x10 minute grid cells to denote their priorities. Grid cells with more coins were higher priorities than cells with fewer coins. Participants also reported why these locations were important and what data types were needed. Coin values were standardized across the subregions and used to identify spatial patterns across the WCC region as a whole. The number of coins were standardized because each subregion had a different number of grid cells and participants. Standardized coin values were analyzed and mapped using statistical techniques, including hierarchical cluster analysis, to identify significant relationships between priorities, reasons for those priorities and data needs. This ESRI shapefile contains the 10x10 minute grid cells used in this prioritization effort and associated the standardized coin values overall, as well as by organization, justification and product. For a complete description of the process and analyses please see: Costa <em>et al</em>. 2019.</p>
Power production from the U.S. east coast offshore wind lease areas
<p>The accompanying file include information regarding the set up of WRF simulations of power production and wake extents from offshore wind lease areas along the U.S. east coast, and also data presented in figures in the "Wind power production from the U.S. east coast offshore lease areas" paper and the associated MATLAB data processing code.</p> <p>The US Department of Energy Office of Science (DE-SC0016605), the US Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority via the National Offshore Wind Research and Development consortium (147505) funded this research. This research was enabled by computational resources supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation via the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) (award TG-ATM170024) and ACI-1541215, and those of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.</p>
Sampling Effort Metadata for the Central and South Atlantic Offshore and Deep-Sea Benthos
<p>Metadata containing information on the sampling of benthic taxa in => 30 m water depth in the Central and South Atlantic. This data was compiled as part of a baseline review of the science, policy and management of the region (Bridges et al. in press). Metadata was compiled from sources identified through a literature search and information provided by members of the Challenger 150 Central and South Atlantic Regional Scientific Research Working Group.</p> <p>Version 1 (November, 2022): Metadata used in the Bridges et al. (in press) gap analysis with the exclusion of sensitive datasets (Atkinson et al. In prep). These are in the process of being made open access and will be added in due course. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Atkinson et al in prep. SeaMap FBIP.</p> <p>Bridges. A.E.H., Howell, K.L., Amaro, T., Atkinson, L., Barnes, D.K.A., Bax, N., Bell, J.B., Bernardino, A.F., Beuck, L., Braga-Henriques, A., Brandt, A., Bravo, M.E., Brix, S., Butt, S., Carranza, A., Doti, B.L., Elegbede, I.O., Esquete, P., Freiwald, A., Gaudron, S.M., Guilhon, M., Hebbeln, D., Horton, T., Kainge, P., Kaiser, S., Lauretta, D., Limongi, P., Mcquaid, K.A., Milligan, R.J., Miloslavich, P., Narayanaswamy, B.E., Orejas, C., Paulus, S., Pearman, T.R.R., Perez, J.A., Ross, R.E., Saeedi, H., Shimabukuro, M., Sink, K., Stevenson, A., Taylor, M., Titschack, J., Vieira, R.P., Vinha, B. & Wienberg, C. Review of the Central and South Atlantic Shelf and Deep-Sea Benthos: Science, Policy and Management. <em>Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review</em>.</p> <p> </p>
Datasets of the work named Development of a Low-Cost Smart Sensor GNSS System for Real-Time Positioning and Orientation for Floating Offshore Wind Platform
<pre>- 1_Motion_Simulator/ - IMU_results/ - 20211028101756.csv - 20220114101543.csv - 20220117000000.csv - Rotary_Table/ - 15/ - rover_20220105.nav - rover_20220105.obs - solution_20220105_CAS.log - 360/ - rover_20211221.nav - rover_20211221.obs - solution_20211221_CAS.log - 360-15/ - rover_20220202_CAS.nav - rover_20220202_CAS.obs - solution_20220202_CAS.log - Static_Tests/ - solution_SSRA00CAS0 - solution_SSRA00WHU0 - 2_GNSS_Signal_Simulator/ - platformmov_C1.xtd - platformmov_C2.xtd - platformmov_C3.xtd - TestBetaNoneMov_C1 - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C1.ubx - TestBetaNoneMov_C2 - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C2.ubx - TestBetaNoneMov_C3 - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.nav - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.obs - TestBetaNoneMov_C3.ubx - 3_Test_Sea/ - 20220503000000.xlsx - solution_28.nav - solution_28.obs - solution_28.ubx Background: {Journal Article using this dataset} 'Development of a Low-Cost Smart Sensor GNSS System for Real-Time Positioning and Orientation for Floating Offshore Wind Platform' Paper DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020925">https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020925</a> Abstract: a low-cost smart sensor GNSS system has been developed to provide accurate real-time position and orientation measurements on a floating offshore wind platform. The approach chosen to offer a viable and reliable solution for this application is based on the use of the well-known advantages of the GNSS system as the main driver for enhancing the accuracy of positioning. For this purpose, the data reported in this work are captured through a GNSS receiver operating over multiple frequency bands (L1, L2, L5) and combining signals from different constellations of navigation satellites (GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS), and they are processed through the precise point positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic (RTK) techniques. Furthermore, aiming to improve global positioning, the processing unit fuses the results obtained with the data acquired through an inertial measurement unit (IMU), reaching final accuracy of a few centimeters. To validate the system designed and developed in this proposal, three different sets of tests were carried out in a (i) rotary table at the laboratory, (ii) GNSS simulator, and (iii) real conditions in an oceanic buoy at sea. The real-time positioning solution was compared to solutions obtained by post-processing techniques in these three scenarios and similar results were satisfactorily achieved. </pre>
Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Events in Global Offshore Regions
<p>The data and scripts in this repository can be used to support the main conclusion in the manuscript "Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Events in Global Offshore Regions" by Li et al., submitted to Nature Communications. The global distribution and annual variability of rapid intensification (RI) events of tropical cyclones (TCs) dervied from the open-source International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive) are provided. The enviromental variables, including mid-level (600 hPa), vertical wind shear (200-850 hPa), and maximum potential intensity (MPI), were also calculated using the fifth generation of ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) forced in different scenarios. The python script (coastal_RI_submit ipynb) can be used to reproduce figures in the article.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.