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Fig. 7 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 7. Tooth wear frequencies for Optima Local Fauna (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA) carnivorans. Borophagus secundus (A), Vulpes stenognathus (B), Plesiogulo marshalli (C); Amphimachairodus coloradensis (D).

Fig. 4 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 4. Comparison of dental tissues (dentin versus enamel) and their d13C and d18O isotopes in unidentified horse teeth from the Optima Local Fauna Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA). R2 = 0.0002 for dentin, 0.5054 for enamel.

Fig. 1 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 1. δ13C values for Optima Local Fauna mammals (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA). Color differences between Agriotherium schneideri and other carnivorans (red vs. buff) and among herbivores (green vs. yellow) indicate the major statistical differences within these groups.

Fig. 3 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 3. Mesowear discriminant function analysis for Optima Local Fauna (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA) artiodactyls and perissodactyls compared to closelyrelated taxa from other Miocene sites from North America and modern taxa (see Material and methods). A. Modern taxa (data from Fortelius and Solounias 2000; Rivals et al. 2007; Fraser and Theodor 2013; Schulz and Kaiser 2013; Taylor et al. 2014; Jones and DeSantis 2017; Mihlbachler et al. 2018). B. Equidae. C. Teleoceras. D. Artiodactyla. Abbreviations: Aa, Alces alces; Ab, Alcelaphus buselaphus; Ad, Antidorcas marsupialis; Al, Alcelaphus lichtensteinii; Am, Aepyceros melampus; An, Antilocapra americana; Ap, Axis porcinus; Ax, Axis axis; Bbp, Plains bison Bison bison; Bbw, Wood bison Bison bison; Be, Boocercus euryceros; Bt, Boselaphus tragocamelus; Bu, Budorcas taxicolor; Ca, Capreolus capreolus; Cc, Cervus canadensis; Cd, Cervus duvauceli; Ce, Ceratotherium simum; Ci, Capra ibex; Cm, Camelus dromedarius; Cs, Capricornis sumatraensis; Ct, Connochaetes taurinus; Db, Diceros bicornis; Ef, Equus ferus przewalski; Eg, Equus grevyi; Eha, Equus hartmannae; Ehe, Equus hemionus; Ek, Equus kiang; Eq, Equus quagga; Ez, Equus zebra; Gc, Giraffa camelopardalis; Gg, Gazella granti; Gt, Gazella thomsoni; He, Hippotragus equinus; Hn, Hippotragus niger; Ke, Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Lg, Lama glama; Lv, Lama vicugna; Lw, Litocranius walleri; Oc, Ovis canadensis; Oh, Odocoileus hemionus; Om, Ovibos moschatus; Oo, Ourebia ourebi; Ov, Odocoileus virginianus; Rr, Redunca redunca; Rs, Rhinoceros sondaicus; Ru, Rhinoceros unicornis; Sc, Syncerus caffer; Ta, Tragelaphus angasi; To, Taurotragus oryx; Tq, Tetracerus quadricornis; Ts, Tragelaphus scriptus; FL, Florida; KS, Kansas; NE, Nebraska; TX, Texas.

Fig. 2 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 2. Comparison of taxonomicallygrouped stable isotope values for Optima Local Fauna (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA) horses (top), artiodactyls plus Mammut sp. (middle), and Teleoceras hicksi (bottom). Color differences indicate groupings that are statistically significantly different from one another. A. Average δ13C values. B. Average δ18O values.

Fig. 6 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 6. Tooth breakage percentages for Optima Local Fauna (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA), Pleistocene, and modern felids and canids. Higher percent tooth breakage corresponds with darker shade. Pleistocene and modern data from Van Valkenburgh (2009).

Fig. 5 in The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 5. Mesowear numerical values (MNS) for artiodactyls (green) and perissodactyls (yellow) from the Optima Local Fauna (Miocene, late Hemphillian, Oklahoma, USA). Color differences indicate groupings that are statistically significantly difference from one another.

Fig. 3 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 3. The deltatheroidans Oklatheridium szalayi Davis, Cifelli, and Kielan−Jaworowska, 2008 (A–E) and O. minax sp. nov. (F–H) from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. OMNH 62411, LM1 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. PM 1238, LM1 in occlusal (B1) and buccal (B2) views. C. OMNH 62410, LM2 (holotype) in occlusal (C1) and buccal (C2) views. D. OMNH 61180, LM2 in occlusal (D1) and buccal (D2) views. E. OMNH 63986, RM3 in occlusal (E1) and buccal (E2) views. F. PM 884, LM1 in occlusal (F1) and buccal (F2) views. G. OMNH 33455, LM2 (holotype) in occlusal (G1) and buccal (G2) views. H. OMNH 63727, RM3 in occlusal (H1) and buccal (H2) views.

Fig. 9. The tribosphenidan Slaughteria eruptens Butler, 1978 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 9. The tribosphenidan Slaughteria eruptens Butler, 1978 from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. PM 1098, Rp5 in in occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. OMNH 63726, Rmx in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. OMNH 63721, Rmx in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. SMP−SMU 61992, left dentary fragment with p2, p3, dp4, and dp5 (holotype) in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. 3−D reconstruction of SMP−SMU 61992 from CT data (in lingual view, bone removed), with developing p4 and p5 indicated (modified from Davis 2011).

Fig. 1 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 1. Early Cretaceous mammal localities, Trinity Group, Texas and Oklahoma. A. Map detailing outcrop of Antlers Formation (shaded) in southeastern Oklahoma. McLeod Honor Farm (OMNH microvertebrate locality V706) indicated by open circle. B. Map detailing mammal−bearing microvertebrate localities from the Trinity Group (Aptian–Albian): 1, McLeod Honor Farm; 2, Greenwood Canyon; 3, Butler Farm (all Antlers Formation); 4, Paluxy Church (Twin Mountains Formation, late Aptian). From Davis et al. (2008).

Fig. 8. The tribosphenidan Kermackia texana Slaughter, 1971 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 8. The tribosphenidan Kermackia texana Slaughter, 1971 from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. SMP−SMU 62402, RM1 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. OMNH 67134, Rp5 in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. PM 1245, Rmx in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. OMNH 63893, Lmx in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. SMP−SMU 62398, Rmx (holotype) in occlusal (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. PM 922, Rmx in occlusal (F1), lingual (F2), and distal (F3) views (arrow indicates the presence of wear facet 5, sensu Crompton 1971). G. SMP−SMU 61728, left dentary fragment with m3 (holotype of Trinititherium slaughteri Butler, 1978) in occlusal (G1), lingual (G2), and buccal (G3) views (arrow indicates mesial base of ascending ramus, suggesting that the ultimate molar is preserved).

Fig. 11 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 11. Upper dentitions of Cretaceous eutherians. A. Prokennalestes (P4–M3), Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. B. Paranyctoides (P5–M1), Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan, Alberta, and Utah. C. Holoclemensia (P4–M3, with some reconstruction indicated by dashed outlines, and P5 hypothetical and shaded grey), Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. Note the flange−like parastyle on M1 and reduced stylocone on all molars, shared characteristics of early eutherians. Not to scale. A, modified from KielanJaworowska and Dashzeveg (1989); B modified from Kielan−Jaworowska et al. (2004).

Fig. 7. The basal eutherian Holoclemensia texana Slaughter, 1968b in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 7. The basal eutherian Holoclemensia texana Slaughter, 1968b from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas (A–E). A. SMP−SMU 62399, Lp5 in occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. SMP−SMU 61727, Lm1 in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. PM 887, Rm1 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. PM 1005, Rm2 in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. OMNH 62412, Rm3 in occlusal (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. SMP−SMU 61726, Lmx referred to Holoclemensia sp. in occlusal (F1) and lingual (F2) views.

Fig. 10 in Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian-Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

Fig. 10. Tribosphenida indet. from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma and Texas. A. PM 1075, LM4 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. PM 948, Rmx in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and oblique lingual (B3) views (arrow indicates lingual cingulid).

Fig. 7 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 7. Sketches of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the distribution and formation of cameral deposits. A. Thin section illustrating the bite marks on the dorsal (left) and ventral (right) sides of the conch, the pre− and post−attack cameral deposits, and the post−mortem deposits. The dorsal septum was partly cut off during sectioning. A1, photograph, A2, explanatory sketch drawing. B. Sketch drawing illustrating the distribution of the several mineralogies/materials (HMC, aragonite, siphuncle, hydrocarbons and sediment). C. Hypothetical precipitation of the cameral deposits. C1, C2 before, C3 at the time, and C4–C6 after the attack. For abbreviations and colours used see A. Note that the drawing is prepared from the thin section illustrated in A1 and thus, effects of the cut through the specimen also play a role in the distribution of deposits and the individual parts of the specimen. The interpretation of the precipitation is based on thin sections, serial sections and observation in SEM. Before the attack: C1, the two chambers of the specimen with layers 1 and 2 (black deposit) and an intact siphuncle; the "?" denotes the suggested trend of the deposit in this area; C2, layers 3 (cauliflower−like deposits) and 4 (light brown deposits) are deposited and in the siphuncle the first deposits (layer 5) are precipitated. The attack: C3, damage marks on both sides of the specimen; on the right (ventral) the mark penetrates the cameral deposits layer 1 to 4 (see Fig. 4A). After the attack: C4, deposition of the unusual dark brown cameral deposits (layer 6) in the orad chamber; further growth of the deposits in the orad siphuncle (note: whether these deposited had grown further same time as the dark brown deposits were precipitated cannot be stated without doubt); C5, precipitation of the latest deposits in the chambers (layer 7), mainly at the siphuncle (layer 7) and in the siphuncle (note: the deposits might have started growing in this stage, see also comment on C4). Post−mortem: C6, intrusion of hydrocarbons and sediment; precipitation of calcite cements and diagenesis.

Fig. 6 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 6. Thin sections of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the whitish (layers 3 and 4) and dark brown deposits (layer 6). A. Layer 4 illustrating the alternation of lighter granular and darker fibrous layers. B. Cauliflower−like to semi−spherical dark brown deposits (layer 6) in the adoral chamber overlying the whitish deposits illustrating the abrupt change in cameral deposition. C. Adoral septum with early deposits, whitish deposits and the dark brown deposits. D. Layered dark brown deposits in the orad chamber. E. Whitish and dark brown deposits in the adoral chamber illustrating the abrupt change in deposition. F. Dark brown deposits showing the alternation of light mineral layers and darker more organic layers.

Fig. 4 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 4. Details of shell wall of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA. A. Venter showing the damage on the shell filled with sediment and proving that the damage extends through layer 1, thus opening the chamber for seawater, this establishes that alteration of the original cameral fluid was possible. B. Large spherical dark brownish deposits (layer 6; that the deposit directly above the bite mark appears whitish is an effect of the imaging technique; compare with thin section in Fig. 7A1). C. Siphuncular and cameral deposits in the adapical chamber; siphuncular deposits are best preserved at the adoral end of the chamber inside the connecting ring and adjacent to the ventral side of the septal neck. D. Fragmented siphuncle in the apical chamber with late post−mortem cement filling. Within the connecting ring there are blocky cements, hydrocarbons and some sediment, on the outside outer surface of the connecting ring cameral deposits are present. E. Preserved (circle on the right) and diagenetically altered (circle on the left) aragonite of the middle septum. Hydrocarbons partly cover the nacreous structure. F. Sector of the thin section in Fig. 7A1 illustrating the area of the ventral hole. In the upper right, the boundary between the dark brown cameral deposits is visible (arrow b). On the left and right of the hole the cauliflower−like layer 3 is present, identical structures are missing directly above the bite. On the left and right of and above the hole are the black deposit is present, but this layer is missing within the hole (arrows a). Vertical cracks (arrows c) through the whitish layer (layers 3 and 4) indicate that external pressure was exerted from the outside of the shell. On the right above the bite the whitish deposits shows a structure suggesting that the part left of the crack was moved upward (arrow d).

Fig. 1 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 1. Setting and features of Oklahoma and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry. A. Geographical position of Oklahoma (modified after www.stepmap.de). B. Section of Oklahoma with the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry northeast of the Arbuckle Mountains (indicated with the arrow and the dot); inserted sketch of the geographical position of Sulphur and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry area (marked with a star). C. Main section of Oklahoma with the "asphalt belt" of Oklahoma and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry within this belt (marked with the oval); modified after Hutchinson (1911: 5). D. Hydrocarbon−soaked cephalopod coquina with an orthoconic (on) and a coiled nautiloid (cn) specimen.

Fig. 3 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 3. Various orthoconic nautiloid specimens from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA: BSPG 2011 0003 (A), BSPG 2011 0004 (B), BSPG 2011 0005 (C), BSPG 2011 0006 (D), BSPG 2011 0007 (E), BSPG 2011 0008 (F), BSPG 2011 0009 (G), and BSPG 2011 0010 (H) representing at least two different undetermined genera with normal, but in part diagenetically altered cameral deposits. Generic determination is difficult because the outer test is missing and the siphuncle is not well preserved or absent and is not aim of this study. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA

Fig. 5. Thin sections of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the whitish cameral deposits (layers 3 and 4) in adoral and adapical chambers. A. Adapical septum, altered early deposits and black deposit overlain by the cauliflower−shaped and laminated whitish cameral deposits in the older chamber. B. Ventral side of the conch with the middle septum, early cameral deposits, the black deposit and the whitish deposits. C. Middle septum with ventral side of the siphuncle of the adapical and adoral chambers; hypo− and episeptal deposits and the black deposit; in the siphuncle sediment and siphuncular deposits are present; in the adapical chamber the filling with hydrocarbons is obvious. D. Ventral side of the adapical chamber with cameral deposits and hydrocarbon filling. E. Whitish cameral deposits and black deposit in the adapical chamber. F. Whitish cameral deposit illustrating the alternation of lighter and darker layers and the grading into darker later deposits of layer 4.