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75 results for “Old-growth forests”
Net Carbon Exchange of an Old-Growth Hemlock Forest at Harvard Forest HEM Tower since 2000
This project estimates carbon exchange rates of multiple forest types at Harvard Forest (see HF072) and compares them to long-term ongoing carbon exchange measurements at the EMS, which is located in a mesic, 60-90 year old red oak and red maple dominated forest on abandoned farmland (HF004). Measurements in each forest type are used to investigate climatic influences on carbon exchange. This mesic hemlock-dominated forest with most trees 100-200 years old on undisturbed soils stored only about 3 Mg/ha of carbon in 2001, compared to over 4 Mg/ha in the 60-90 year old oak/maple stand. However, both sites stored more carbon in 2001 than was measured in the oak/maple stand in any previous year since 1991 (see HF004). The hemlock forest behaved very differently from the oak-maple stand in that the highest rates of carbon storage occurred in spring, while there was very little carbon storage in mid to late summer. Statistical models of carbon exchange in the hemlock forest showed that carbon storage was positively related to daily minimum air temperature in spring, but negatively correlated with soil temperature in the summer. The first effect was attributable to a positive influence of above-freezing minimum temperatures on photosynthesis by hemlock foliage. The negative relationship of soil temperature to carbon storage by hemlock forest in summer was due to exponentially increasing soil and ecosystem respiration, accompanied by a neutral or negative effect of high air temperature on photosynthesis by hemlock trees (see HF063). These effects indicate that carbon storage in the hemlock forest could be strongly affected by climate warming, but the effects will probably be in opposite directions in spring and summer.
Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests on Wachusett Mountain in Princeton MA 1996-1997
One of the largest old-growth forests in southern New England was recently "discovered" on the exposed upper slopes of Wachusett Mountain, one of the most heavily used recreational areas in Massachusetts, less than 50 miles from urban Boston. Presettlement and early post-settlement data suggest that most of the area's forests were comprised of a mixture of Quercus rubra and northern hardwood species. Individual species abundances and recruitment dynamics in the four stands exhibit highly variable spatial and temporal patterns across sites that differ in aspect and exposure. Three uneven-aged hardwood stands contain Quercus rubra in the largest size classes, various amounts of Fagus grandifolia, Acer and Betula species in the middle size classes and dense thickets of Acer pennsylvanicum, Acer spicatum, and Hamamelis virginiana in the small size classes. Several individuals of Q. rubra, B. lenta, and B. alleghaniensis are at or very near the maximum longevity known for these species. Of particular significance is the presence of Q. rubra exceeding 250 - 300 years of age. A Tsuga canadensis stand contains unimodal size and age distributions, with trees less than 60-cm dbh and 100 to 300 years old. Widespread Quercus rubra recruitment occurred on all sites from the 1600s through the early 1800s, when it dropped precipitously except for scattered individuals on more open talus sites, and was replaced by either Tsuga or Acer and Betula species. The historical change in recruitment from Quercus to more shade-tolerant species evidently was driven by a change in disturbance regime from an early period when fire was a major factor controlling forest dynamics to a period over the last two centuries when hurricanes (1815 and 1938), frequent wind, ice, and snow damage, but no fire, are documented. The asynchronous nature of tree-ring releases and suppression and the relatively low amount of coarse woody debris corroborate this interpretation. Chronic canopy damage through time p
Tree-ring measurements from permanent plot in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Huron Mts., MI
This package includes tree growth-ring widths for increment cores collected from a long-term 'macroplot' established in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest at the Huron Mts. of northern MI. Tree demographic monitoring data for the entire ca. 3.0 ha macroplot are available in the EDI package edi.1416.1. In 1994 and 1995, increment cores were taken for all 'core-able' trees greater than ~ 10 cm diameter for a subsection of the macroplot about 1 ha in area, along with some additional Tsuga canadensis trees beyond that 1 ha section. Cores are NOT cross-dated. See Methods for more details. This data-package may be cross-referenced to the demographic data in edi.1416.1 using stem numbers.
Tree-ring measurements from permanent study plot in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Dukes RNA, Hiawatha NF, Marquette Co., MI
This package includes tree growth-ring widths for increment cores collected from a long-term 'macroplot' established in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest at the Dukes Research Natural Area/Dukes Experimental Forest in the Hiawatha National Forest in Marquette Co., MI. Tree demographic monitoring data for the entire ca. 3.0 ha macroplot, from 1992 to 2019, are available in the EDI package edi.1526.1. In 1993, 1994 and 1995, increment cores were taken for all 'core-able' trees greater than ~ 10 cm diameter for a subsection of the macroplot about 1 ha in area. Trees that were obviously badly rotten and hollow or steeply leaning were not cored. Cores are not cross-dated. See Methods for more details. This data-package may be cross-referenced to the demographic data in edi.1526.1 using stem numbers.
Long-term (1935-2019) tree population data from remeasurements of a large network of permanent study plots in old-growth forest, Dukes Research Natural Area, Marquette Co., MI, USA
The Dukes Research Natural Area (Hiawatha National Forest, Marquette Co., MI) amounts to ca. 100 ha of minimally disturbed original forests, including a mix of mesic 'hemlock-northern hardwood' types and peaty wetlands dominated by several species of swamp conifers and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The RNA hosts a regular grid of 250 0.2-acre (~0.08 ha) permanent monitoring (CFI) plots. This package includes tree censuses for subsets of CFI plots conducted in 1935, 1948, and 1974-1980, and repeated censuses with mapped stems from 1989 to 2019. This 84-year record constitutes one of the longest repeated-measurement, permanent-plot data-sets for old-growth temperate forest.
Understory plant community data from repeated plot sampling (1978-2019) in old-growth northern hardwood forest, northern Michigan (Dukes RNA, Hiawatha National Forest)
This data-set includes long-term, permanent-plot-based data for understory plant communities in old-growth mixed northern hardwood-hemlock forest and forested peatland in the Upper Great Lakes region. Data for over 900 understory quadrats (all associated with long-term canopy data from larger permanent plots) included multiple (2-5) remeasurements over 23-40 years, with longest periods and most remeasurements for upland forest types. The Dukes Research Natural Area (RNA) (https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/nrs/rnas/locations/dukes) in the Hiawatha National Forest (Marquette Co., MI) includes ca. 100 ha of largely unlogged, original forest. Publications cited below include more detailed information about the site. About half of the RNA supports upland forests intergrading from hemlock (Tsuga candensis) dominance to mixtures of hemlock and northern hardwoods species. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is dominant over much of the upland area, with, locally, significant admixtures of beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Topographic relief is very slight with total elevational change within the RNA only about 10 m. The stand is within a few km of the western limit of the continuous range of beech. In 1935, 248 continuing forest inventory (CFI) plots (circular, 0.2 acre) were established on a regular grid throughout the RNA, and these have been the subject of repeated sampling through 2018-2019 and support continuing long-term study addressing canopy tree communities (canopy data to be deposited in a separate project). Examples of resulting publications are cited elsewhere in metadata, and can provide more detailed information about the RNA. In 1978-80, U.S. Forest Service researchers, directed by Jan Schultz and Frederick Metzger, initiated studies of understory communities, including herbaceous species and woody seedlings. Data were derived from four sub-quadrats within each of the CFI plots. These quadrats were re-estab
Long-term (1993-2019) dynamics of tree populations on a mapped 3-ha permanent plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest, Huron Mts., Marquette Co., MI, USA
This data-set includes multiple remeasurements, over 25 years, of all woody stems >2 cm diameter (total of 2125 stems) on a 2.72-ha stem-mapped plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest in the Huron Mountains region of northern Marquette County, MI. The plot and surrounding forest is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Among secondary species, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and basswood (Tilia americana) are most common. Soils (identified as Kalkaska series) are developed on deep sandy glacial outwash. The plot is within a much larger region of old-growth forest, protected since ca. 1880, with only minimal disturbance associated with access tracks and trails. Numerous other forest community and dendrochronological studies support the interpretation that the area around the study plot has not experienced stand-initiating disturbance for at least 400 years. Initial mapping and measurements (1993-1995 for 2.52 ha; an additional 0.2 ha added in 1999) used a 20x20 m grid established in a near-level area of uniform substrate. All stems were identified to species, mapped on polar coordinates from the center of each grid cell (including, at first measurement, identifiable dead trees, standing and down), and diameter at breast height (dbh) measured to nearest 0.1 cm. All stems were remeasured on a five-year cycle 1999-2019, and new mortality was recorded at each remeasurement. New recruits > 2 cm dbh were added at each remeasurement.
Long-term (1962-2019) tree demography on permanent plots in old-growth northern hardwood forests of the Huron Mountains, Marquette Co., Michigan.
This package contains tree demographic data from multiple remeasurements of several sets of permanent study plots in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwood forests in northern Marquette Co., Michigan. Plots were established from 1962-2001, with five to nine censuses over the study period. Plots are distributed over a large and diverse area of old-growth forests protected since ca. 1880, with no commercial management and active management limited to maintenance of trails and tracks. Most plots have not experienced stand-originating disturbances for at least 400 years (based on increment cores); three plots are in stands originating following a fire ca. 1830 ("Bourdo plots" 7094-7096). Forests are dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); secondary species include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), basswood (Tilia americana), and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Soils are variable, ranging from deep sandy outwash to thin layers of rocky till over bedrock. Mortality and diameter growth of all trees were recorded at each remeasurement. Protocols for measurement and stem-mapping are described in Methods. Several publications use some of the data included in this package -- see 'journal citations'. (identified as Kalkaska series) are developed on deep sandy glacial outwash. The plot is within a much larger region of old-growth forest, protected since ca. 1880, with only minimal disturbance associated with access tracks and trails. Numerous other forest community and dendrochronological studies support the interpretation that the area around the study plot has not experienced stand-initiating disturbance for at least 400 years. Initial mapping and measurements (1993-1995 for 2.52 ha; an additional 0.2 ha added in 1999) used a 20x20 m grid established in a near-level area of uniform substrate. All stems were identified to species, mapped on polar coordinates from the center of each grid cell (including, at first measurement, identif
Permanent plot data for old-growth white pine - hemlock - hardwood forests in the Huron Mountains, Marquette County, Michigan: 2006-2022
This study was initiated by Dr. Dennis A. Riege with a focus on the role of white pine (Pinus strobus) in old-growth mixed white pine-hemlock-northern hardwood forests. Study areas within the lands of the Huron Mt. Club were selected for prominent presence of canopy white pine. Several permanent study plots, totaling about 3.3 ha, were established, with all trees >5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) identified, mapped and measured. Initiatl establishment was from 2006-2008. All plots were remeasured in 2011, 2016 and 2021-22. Mortality and new recruits were documented in remeasurements. Reference coordinates for each plot are included in 'Methods'. Data tables in this package include all of these measurements. Additional information, including maps of downed logs, is included in material included under 'other entities'.
Long-term (1993-2019) tree population measurements from a mapped 2.9-ha permanent plot in old-growth northern hardwood forest, Dukes Research Natural Area, Marquette Co., MI, USA
The Dukes Research Natural Area (Hiawatha National Forest, Marquette Co., MI) amounts to ca. 100 ha of minimally disturbed original forests, including a mix of mesic 'hemlock-northern hardwood' types and peaty wetlands dominated by several species of swamp conifers and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The RNA hosts a regular grid of 250 permanent monitoring plots (data to be provided in a separate package). In 1993-95, a macroplot of 2.91 ha was established in a mixed mesic upland forest area within the RNA, in which all woody stems >2 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were identified, measured, and mapped. In 1999 and again every five years subsequently through 2019, the macroplot was recensused; all stems were remeasured, stems newly recruited (>2 cm DBH) were measured and mapped, and any mortality since previous census was noted and described. A severe storm in 2002 resulted in extensive mortality throughout the RNA, particularly in the area in and around the macroplot.
Soil respiration associated with ectomycorrhizal mats in an old-growth stand along lower Lookout Creek, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (2008-2009)
Comparisons of respiration rate and environmental variables for mat and non-mat soil were conducted between July 2008 to Nov 2009 in a 0.1ha plot adjacent lower Lookout Creek, approximately 700m downstream from Lookout Camp (44 deg 13”25’N, 122 deg 15”30’W, 484m above sea level). The predominant overstory species are Psuedotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and Thuja Plicata. Associated ectomycorrhizal communities were measured over the 1.5 year period and data collection for the study is complete. Soil respiration was measured using LiCOR instrumentation, and analyses were performed computationally by correlating soil respiration with known environmental metrics (moisture, temperature, etc.) measured in other studies (TW006, MV001, etc.).
Stand Dynamics and Radial Growth Measurements from Old-Growth and Secondary-Growth Forests at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory and Joyce Kilmer Wilderness Area
Our objectives were to define disturbance causes, rates (percent disturbance per decade), magnitudes and frequency (time since last disturbance) for both secondary and old-growth mixed-oak stands, and to determine if all mixed oak stands experience similar disturbance history.
Meteorological and Ecosystem Flux Data for: Net ecosystem production in an old-growth tropical dry forest in Northwestern Mexico
<p>This dataset accompanies the paper: Net ecosystem production in an old-growth tropical dry forest in Northwestern México which is submitted for publication at the Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences</p> <p>With this data set, we explore the functionality as a carbon source or sink of an old-growth tropical dry forest in the carbon cycle and its functional relationship with water and light across years with different precipitation patterns in Northwestern México, using 3 continuous years of water, energy, and carbon flux measurements from an eddy covariance tower and also a meteorological arrangement.</p>
LiDAR-derived forest structure data and predictions of the locations of old-growth forests for Central Finland.
<p><strong>INTRO</strong><br> This archive contains data and analysis code for the Biodiversity Map -project conducted by Open Knowledge Finland (http://fi.okfn.org/projects/biodiversity-map/)</p> <p><strong>LICENCE</strong><br> The files listed below are all released to the public domain under a CC0 public domain dedication (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)</p> <p><strong>FILE DESCRIPTIONS</strong></p> <p><em><strong>FILE 1:</strong></em> background.zip<br> Inside the archive is a comma-separated file "background.csv" containing LiDAR-derived forest structure variables for 2/3 of Central Finland. These were derived from 3 raster data sets describing forest canopy maximum height (mh), forest canopy cover (cc) and lidar return intensity (in). The rasters had resolutions of 6 metres, 6 metres and 2 metres, respectfully. An 18 m resolution grid was then used to aggregate the rasters into average, minimum and maximum values + standard deviations of the original variables. The original LiDAR data was made available by the National Land Survey of Finland.</p> <p><br> <em><strong>FILE 2:</strong></em> conservation.lambdas<br> This file contains fitted parameters for the maxent model. For more information, check maxent documentation at https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/maxent/</p> <p><strong><em>FILE 3:</em></strong> conserved_swd.csv<br> Forest structure variables at 18 meter resolution for old-growth conservation areas in Central Finland. A subset of background.csv. This file still has a header, the variables are the same as in background.csv</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 4:</strong></em> grass_create_forest_rasters_from_las.sh<br> A shell script used to convert LiDAR files to raster maps of forest structure with GRASS 7.</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 5:</strong></em> lidar_coverage.png<br> A map showing the extent of LiDAR data available for Central Finland when we did the analyses.</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 6:</strong></em> maxent_model_run_product.sh<br> A shell script used to fit the maximum entropy model to predict the locations of conservation-area-like forests in Central Finland.</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 7:</strong></em> projection_product.csv<br> The results of the maxent model in a comma separated file. The first row has the variable names: x,y,product_fit. x and y are coordinates in the CRS ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067). product_fit is "the probablility that this 18*18 meter grid cell is old-growth conservation area".</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 8:</strong></em> README<br> A file with a description of the dataset in human-readable form.</p> <p><strong>VALIDATION FILES</strong><br> The data in these files was collected to validate the results of the aforementioned maxent model. The data were collected in a hierarchical sampling scheme: six randomly determinded unintersecting 9 km * 9 km landscape windows were chosen for sampling. From each window, three samples were taken. One sample from conservation areas, one sample from the "best" 10 % of forests as determined by the maxent model excluding conservation areas and one random sample. Not all windows contained conservation areas, and not all areas were accessible (islands, for example). In addition a few areas were skipped due to time constraints.</p> <p>The sampled points are identified by their lanscape window (suuralue), their sample (otos) and their sample number (mittauspiste).</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 9:</strong></em> validation_felled.csv<br> A comma separated list of those points that were not measured because they were felled.</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 10:</strong></em> validation_gps_results_2016-09-07.csv<br> A list of gps coordinates for all the sample points. product_fit is the value of the geographically closest prediction from the maxent model described above.</p> <p><em><strong>FILE 11:</strong></em> validation_lying_deadwood_transects_2016-08-30.csv<br> A comma separated file with data from deadwood transects. From each validation point, three 30 m long transects were made with 120 degree angles between them, and all lying deadwood more than 2 cm in diameter were measured. For some validation points, there were geographical obstructions which prevented the full 90 m of transect being surveyed, this is also recorded in the data. Each row holds measurements from one lying trunk.<br> </p> <p><em><strong>FILE 12:</strong></em> validation_relascope_2016-08-30.csv<br> Relascope measurements from the validation points. Each row is measurements for one species from one validation point. Dead and alive trees are counted separately.<br> </p> <p><strong>MORE INFORMATION</strong></p> <p>For more in-depth descritions of the files, read the file named README.<br> For some auxilliary files and information, check our old hackathon repository on github: https://github.com/Koalha/bdm_hackathon</p>
Data from: The effect of drainage on the fine root biomass, production, and turnover in hemiboreal old-growth forests on organic soils
<p>Information on the capacity of organic soils to capture and store carbon in old-growth forests in the hemiboreal forest zone is scarce and fragmented. However, fine root data can provide valuable insights into soil carbon fluxes. Thus, the aim of the current study was to provide estimates of the fine root biomass (FRB), fine root production (FRP), and fine root turnover (FRT) rate by tree species and other functional groups in old-growth (stand age 131–179 years) forests on mesotrophic organic soils dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), with (drained mesotrophic organic soil) and without (undrained mesotrophic organic soil) the effects of forest drainage. The sequential soil coring method was used to estimate the FRB and FRP. The total FRB (sum of the FRB of all functional groups) was significantly higher in the undrained sites (6.8±0.3 t ha 1) than in the drained sites (3.97±0.1 t ha 1). The FRB of Scots pine in the undrained forest was significantly higher (1.7±0.1 t ha 1) than in the drained forest (0.5±0.1 t ha 1), supporting an extensive foraging strategy. The significantly higher mean FRB of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1.4±0.1 t ha 1) in the drained sites than the undrained sites (0.7±0.2 t ha-1) can be explained by there being a higher proportion of spruce in the stand compositions, thus a higher standing volume (cubic meters per hectare) of this species and an increased FRB. The FRB of dwarf shrubs (2.43±0.2 t ha-1) formed the largest part of the total FRB in the undrained sites and the second largest (1.16±0.1 t ha-1), following Norway spruce, in the drained sites. The total FRP was similar between the undrained (2.05±0.31 t ha-1 yr-1) and drained (1.82±0.26 t ha-1 yr-1) stands. However, considerable variability in the FRP was observed between different sites of the same forest site type. The FRT rate of Scots pine was twice as high in the drained sites than the undrained sites, suggesting faster nutrient and carbon input into the drained soil compared to the undrained soil. Estimates of FRB, FRP, and FRT rate for different functional groups can be used in carbon-cycle modeling and in further calculations to estimate the carbon budget (balance) in forests on organic soils.</p>
Figure 7 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 7. Lichen thallus color in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 6 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 6. Lichen growth forms in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 9 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 9. Lichen photobiont type in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 8 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 8. Lichen reproduction type in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 2 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 2. Sample plot. Abbreviations: S – South, N – North. Arrow shows the direction of the sampling in transect. Tree number shows the order of surveyed trees.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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