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FIGURE 11 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 11. Maximum likelihood tree of Neotropical cecidosid species based on 626 bp of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome-c oxidase I gene [COI]). Numbers indicate bootstrap support higher than 50%: above branches, maximum likelihood/neighbour-joining; below branches, maximum parsimony. Asterisk indicates bootstrap values <50%. Species of Prodoxidae (Greya + Prodoxus + Tetragma) and Adelidae (Adela) were used to root the tree according to the phylogeny proposed for Incurvarioidea (Peelmyr & Leebens-Mack 1999); see Table 1 and text for further description.

FIGURE 10. O in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 10. O. argentinana gall on S. polygamus branch: (A) apical branches showing lateral galls (indicated by arrow); (B) Detail of the stem bark surface on top of gall chamber; (C) superficially cut gall chamber of the same gall, showing a last instar larva; (D) a longitudinally cut gall, showing the transversal location of the gall chamber in relation to the stem axis; (E) transversal section of a stem through a gall chamber, showing its elliptical shape and location under bark (asterisk indicates gall chamber; arrow points to plant vessels); (F) longitudinally cut gall chamber showing a mature pupa inside; (G) the same gall, showing the pupal exit hole prior emergence; (H) pupal exuvia protruded from the gall exit hole, just after the adult emergence; (I) empty gall chambers (indicated by arrow) on branch after dehiscence of stem bark covering, later on, after adult emergence season. Scale bars = 6, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1.5, 1.5, 2 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 9. O in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 9. O. argentinana pupal morphology on scanning electron microscopy. (A) head, ventral view; (B) head, lateral view; (C) subspiracular setae from fourth abdominal segment, lateral view; (D) spiracle from third abdominal segment, lateral view; (E) abdominal terga A6 and A7, lateral view, showing tergal spine rows, located on anterior margin; (F) tergal spine rows in detail, latero-posterior view; (G) Single tergal spine, centrally located on posterior margin of segment abdominal A10, lateral view. Scale bars = 200, 200, 50, 10, 100, 20, 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 8. O in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 8. O. argentinana pupa on light microscopy. (25) dorsal view; (26) ventral view; (C) lateral view. Scale bar = 0.50 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 4. Genital morphology of O. argentinana on light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) scanning electron micrograph of male right valve, median view; (C) juxta, dorsal view; (D) aedeagus, dorsal view; (E) female genitalia, lateral view (open and closed arrows indicate the apodemes of posterior apophysis and cloaca, respectively); (F) scanning electron micrograph of female ovipositor, lateral view; (G) detail of ovipositor apex (enlarged area indicated by arrow in F). Scale bars = 0.1mm, 50 µm, 0.1mm, 0.1mm, 0.25mm, 100 µm, 10 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 5. O in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 5. O. argentinana last larval instar on light microscopy: (A) larva, lateral view (prothoracic plate is indicated by arrow); (B) head and prothorax, dorsal view (arrow indicates the ecdisial line); (C) head and prothorax, ventral view (arrow indicates the hypostomal ridge). Scale bars = 0.3, 0.25, 0.25 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 6 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 6. Head morphology of O. argentinana last larval instar on scanning electron microscopy: (A) Head, antero-lateral view; (B) clypeus and labrum, anterior view; (C) right antenna, anterior view; (D) left mandible, anterior view; (E) left maxilla, antero-lateral view; (F) labium and spinneret, antero-lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 20, 10, 20, 20, 10 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Oliera argentinana adult head: (A) Head, antero-ventral view; (B) right tentorial pit, anterior view; (C) antennal flagellomeres, ventral view; (D) buccal appendages, anterior view; (E) left mandible, anterior view; (F) left labial palpus, anterior view (asterisk indicates left maxillar palpus); (G) left maxilla, antero-median view (arrow indicates haustellum). Scale bars = 200, 10, 50, 50, 10, 20, 20 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 2 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 2. Oliera argentinana adult morphology: (A) female head, anterior view; (B) metathoracic furcasternum, posterior view (closed arrow points to furcal apophysis); (C) metathoracic furcasternum in detail, lateral view (asterisk indicates left furcal apophysis); (D) lateral cervical sclerites, anterior view; (E) fore- and hind wing venation; (F) detail of frenular scales; (G) fore-, median- and hindlegs, from left to right, respectively. Scale bars = 0.25mm, 0.25mm, 0.1mm, 0.1mm, 0.5 mm, 40µm, 0.5mm, respectively.

FIGURE 7 in Revalidation of Oliera Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) based on a redescription of O. argentinana and DNA analysis of Neotropical cecidosids

FIGURE 7. Thoracic and abdominal morphologies of O. argentinana last larval instar on scanning electron microscopy: (A) first and second abdominal segments, latero-dorsal view (arrow points to dorsal calli); (B) detail of the callus on A2; (C) left thoracic pleura, lateral view (arrow points to unsegmented tubercles, reminiscent of thoracic legs); (D) Detail of the mesothoracic leg rudiment; (E) spiracle from second abdominal segment, lateral view; (F) abdominal segment A10, posterior view. Scale bars = 100, 50, 100, 25, 10, 100 µm, respectively.

Figure 11 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 11 Morphology of Olierasaizi last larval instar under scanning electron microscopy. A head, antero-lateral view B labrum and clypeus, anterior C antenna, lateral D maxilla, anterior E labium, ventral F detail of maxilla (indicated by asterisk) and mandibula (pointed by arrow) bases, showing protuberances G mesothoracic leg rudiment, lateral H callus of third abdominal tergum, latero-dorsal I last abdominal segments, lateral. Scale bars: 250 µm (A), 40 µm (B), 20 µm (C, E, F), 30 µm (D), 60 µm (G), 100 µm (H), 200 µm (I).

Figure 14 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 14 Natural history of Olierasaizi on Schinuspolygamus. A host-plant habitat at Cuesta Barriga, near Santiago city, Chile, 33°31'24"S, 70°54'35"W (asterisk locates the plant; open arrow indicates commune of Padre Hurtado in the valley, Metropolitan region) B apical branches showing swollen stem with galls under bark C pupal exuvium protruded from the gall exit hole, just after the adult emergence (enlarged area pointed by arrow in (B) D intact empty gall, shown by detaching the bark (indicated by arrow) E empty galls, with decaying gall-wall still remaining, lateral F old gall signs appearing as small craters on surface of dried branch. Scale bars: 5 mm (B), 2 mm (C), 3 mm (D, E), 15 mm (F).

Figure 1 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 1 Molecular phylogeny of Cecidosidae showing monophyletic status and relationships of Andescecidium and Olierasaizi (highlighted by green and brown squares, respectively). Bayesian time-calibrated consensus tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), r16S ribosomal (16S), and Wingless (Wg) genes. Representative species of other Adeloidea families (Adelidae, Incurvariidae, Heliozelidae and Prodoxidae) were used to root the tree. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probability support for the equivalent node. Blue bars indicate confidence interval (95% HDP) for each node age estimate, presented in millions of years ago (Mya).

Figure 4 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 4 Andescecidiumparrai last larval instar under light microscopy (LMCI 218-08). A general schematic representation, lateral view B, C head, anterior (B) and lateral (C). Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 0.3 mm (B), 0.2 mm (C).

Figure 13 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 13 Olierasaizi pupal morphology using scanning electron microscopy. A, C head and prothorax, under ventral and lateral views, respectively B frontal processes of head (= gall cutter), ventral D spiracle of second abdominal segment, lateral E abdominal terga VI and VII, lateral F detail with supraspiracular setae and spines of abdominal tergum VI, lateral G detail with subspiracular setae of abdominal segment five, lateral H, J last abdominal segments, under lateral and dorsal views, respectively I single tergal spine on abdominal segment nine in detail, lateral. Scale bars: 250 µm (A), 100 µm (B, I), 350 µm (C), 30 µm (D), 200 µm (E, H, J), 150 µm (F), 50 µm (G).

Figure 10 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 10 Olierasaizi last larval instar under light microscopy (LMCI 231-3). A general schematic representation, lateral view B, C head and prothorax, dorsal (B) and ventral (C). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A), 0.3 mm (B, C).

Figure 7 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 7 Andescecidiumparrai pupal morphology with scanning electron microscopy. A, C head and prothorax, under ventral and lateral views, respectively B frontal process of head (= gall cutter), ventral D clypeus and labrum, ventral E abdominal terga, lateral F spines and setae of second abdominal tergum in detail, lateral G abdominal pleura and sterna, latero-dorsal H spiracle of third abdominal segment, dorsal I tergal spines of ninth abdominal segment, postero-lateral. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C, E), 150 µm (B, D, F), 300 µm (G), 30 µm (H), 70 µm (I).

Figure 6 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 6 Andescecidiumparrai pupa in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views (LMCI 218-5). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 12 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 12 Olierasaizi pupa under light microscopy, in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views (LMCI 233-3). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 5 from: Silva GT, Moreira GRP, Vargas HA, Gonçalves GL, Mainardi MD, Blas GS, Davis D (2018) Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 795: 127-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070

Figure 5 Morphology of Andescecidiumparrai last larval instar under scanning electron microscopy. A, B head, lateral (A) and antero-dorsal (B) views C stemmata, lateral D antenna, lateral E labium, lateral F maxilla, lateral G thorax, lateral H first abdominal spiracle, lateral I detail of second abdominal segment, showing aligned setae (arrow indicates spiracle), lateral J callus of second abdominal tergum, latero-dorsal K last abdominal segments, postero-lateral L ventral lobe of tenth abdominal segment (enlarged area marked with rectangle in K). Scale bars: 150 µm (A, B), 30 µm (C, L), 20 µm (D, E), 50 µm (F, I), 300 µm (G), 10 µm (H), 100 µm (J, K).