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Fig. 5 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 5 Mean daily biting rates ± 1 standard error (SE) at the four collection sites based on three collection days each month. Biting rates were highest at the two riverside sites (Bayomen and Nyamongo I) and decreased with increasing distance from the river

Fig. 1 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 1 Map of the study area showing adult and larval blackfly collection sites and dissection stations in relation to the Mbam river. Grey arrows show the direction of river flow and the inset map shows the location of the study area (black star) in Cameroon

Fig. 2 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 2 Historical rainfall and river discharge for Bafia and the lower Mbam river. Bars show mean monthly rainfall (mm) ± 1 standard error (SE) at Bafia for years 1930–1994 [26]; dashed line shows mean monthly river discharge (m3/s) ± 1 standard error (SE) for years 1952–80 for the Goura gauge located on the Mbam river ≈25 km SE of Bafia (4.56703°N, 11.36740°E) [27]

Fig. 4 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 4 Polytene chromosomes of S. squamosum E2 and S. mengense showing a chromosome 1 of S. squamosum E2 with fixed inversions 1S-1 and 1L-3, and inversion 1L-57 which was fixed in the specimens examined, b part of chromosome 3 of S. squamosum E2 male showing sex-linked band dimorphism 3C-Sp and sex-linked heterozygous inversion 3L/82 present in 19/20 male specimens examined,'b'= blister, and c chromosome 1 of S. mengense showing expanded centromere 1CER

Fig. 7 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 7 Results of pool screening showing maximum likelihood estimate of the percentage of S. damnosum s.l. possessing L3 larvae in their heads (± 95% CI) based on black flies collected over the 12-month sampling period. The number above the bar denotes the maximum likelihood point estimate for each site

Fig. 3 in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 3 Head and thorax of late-instar larvae showing a S. squamosum E2, and b S. mengense with arrow pointing to tuft of hair-like scales on the anterior dorsum of the thorax

Fig. 6 Seasonal parasite transmission along the lower Mbam river showing a in ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS transmission in the Mbam valley of Cameroon following 16 years of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin, and the description of a new cytotype of SIMULIUM SQUAMOSUM

Fig. 6 Seasonal parasite transmission along the lower Mbam river showing a combined parity and infection rates for flies dissected at Bayomen and Nyamongo I riverside sites (L1–L2 = percentage of flies infected with developing parasite stages only, L3H = percentage of flies containing L3 stages in the head), and b monthly transmission potentials at Bayomen, Nyamongo I, and Egona II estimated based on dissection data only. Ondouano not shown since no larvae were found in dissected flies

Fig. 7 in First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 7. Microfilaria showing transverse annulation and irregular shape of swollen anterior end (magnitude of annulation and swelling might be exaggerated by artefact of fixation).

Fig. 5 in First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 5. External cuticular annulation (A) of O. jakutensis female with interruption over lateral field.

Fig. 4. a and b in First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 4. a and b: Posterior end of O. jakutensis male with 5 pairs of pericloacal papillae without unpaired precloacal papilla.

Fig. 3. O in First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 3. O. jakutensis male and female (bars: 100 Mm): a. Tail of male with five pairs of pericloacal and two pair of closely spaced terminal papillae. b. Tail of another male with more distantly spaced papillae on tail end. Left spicule protruding. c. Spicules in ventral view. d. Head end of male. e. Head end of female with vulva. f. Posterior end of female with conical tail in ventral view, annulations indicated on sides. g. Microfilaria with terminal distribution of nuclei.

Fig. 1 in First description of Onchocerca jakutensis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 1. Subcutaneous nodule in red deer skin with partly freed O. jakutensis female (stained with methylene blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 15 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 15. Dendrogram of Onchocerca from this study, various other Onchocerca sequences and Litomosoides sigmodontis as an outgroup based on a dataset of 579 positions of the mitochondrial cox1 gene, estimated by using the Maximum Likelihood method and TN93 + G + I substitution model (Tamura and Nei, 1993). The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 2902.13) is shown. Bootstrap values over 50 are shown next to the branches. Sequences newly generated in this study are in bold.

Fig. 14 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 14. Dendrogram of Onchocerca from this study, additional Onchocerca species and Setaria labiatopapillosa, Oswaldofilaria chabaudi and Icosiella neglecta as outgroups based on a dataset of 935 positions of the concatenated mitochondrial cox1 and 12S rDNA gene, estimated by using the Maximum Likelihood method and GTR + G + I substitution model (Nei and Kumar, 2000). The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 4758.48) is shown. Bootstrap values over 50 are shown next to the branches. Sequences newly generated in this study are in bold.

Fig. 10 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 10. Onchocerca skrjabini: A. Head end of male, with undifferentiated oesophagus. B, C. Distribution of papillae on male tail of two different individuals. D. Lateral view of male tail with spicules in situ. E. Longer left and smaller right spicule. Right spicule in two views to show ventral groove in distal part: on right hand side in lateral view, on left hand side in ventral view, showing dorsolateral knob on tip. F. Female head end, with differentiated oesophagus, vulva in distal forth of oesophagus. G. Longitudinal section in small anterior part of female, showing unpaired part of uterus filling out anterior body with relatively large microfilaria in it. Cuticular ridges over striae in ratio 1: 4. H. Tail end of female, with two phasmids spaced apart. Fine cuticular transversal annulation is indicated. I. Tail end of a second female, lateral view (in smaller scale). Note slight club shape of both. J. Microfilaria (intrauterine) with fine striation hinted at the neck, subapical oval marking with ridges.

Fig. 7 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 7. Onchocerca flexuosa: Heteromorphous cuticle of female: A. Onchocerca-similar cuticle in two layers, with fine striae in medulla, but lacking ridges on surface. B. Medullar waves without cuticular ridges. C. Entire cuticle forming transversal rings. D. Cuticle with repeated pattern of one bigger, followed by two smaller transversal rings.

Fig. 8 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 8. Onchocerca flexuosa: Relation between vast internal space in body and thin intestine (i) and unpaired uterus forming loops (u).

Fig. 6. A in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 6. A. Onchocerca flexuosa female: Typical curly body freed from nodule tissue by digestion. B. In comparison a female of O. jakutensis after the same digestive treatment.

Fig. 3 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 3. Onchocerca flexuosa: A. Head end of male. B. Spicules in situ with thorn like hook of right spicule protruded and tip of left spicule at proximal entrance of ventral groove of right spicule. C. Tail of male showing alae and distribution of papillae. D. Head end of female showing vulva with unpaired uterus, oesophagus-intestinal junction depicted and marked with dots at posterior end. Note loose course of uterus with loop. E. Head end of female with oesophagus and expansion of ovejector before vulva. F. Round tail end of female with spiky phasmid at base of flaps. G. Longitudinal section in posterior half of female body showing peculiar repetition of one bigger transversal cuticular ring (marked with dot at left), followed by two smaller rings. H, I. Microfilaria, in I in same scale as microfilaria in Fig. 10J as comparison.

Fig. 5 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 5. Onchocerca flexuosa: Protruding right spicule showing massive hook (H) at dorsal side and groove (G) at ventral side, serving as a gubernaculum to fine tip of left spicule. L: tip of left spicule; R: right spicule.