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15 results for “Ontogenetic scaling”
Data from: Chemical defense over decadal scales: ontogenetic allocation trajectories and consequences for fitness in a foundation tree species
1. Expression of herbivore defense traits can change dramatically during the course of plant development. Little is known, however, about the degree of genetic or sexual variation in these ontogenetic defense trajectories or whether the trajectories themselves are adaptive, especially in long‐lived species. 2. We used a 13‐year dataset of chemical defense traits, growth, and survivorship from a common garden of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) genotypes to document long‐term defense trajectories and their relationship to tree fitness during juvenile and early mature stages. 3. Overall, concentrations of the two principal classes of aspen defense compounds (salicinoid phenolic glycosides [SPGs] and condensed tannins [CTs]) decreased to differing degrees in foliage of juvenile trees and then remained relatively constant in maturity. Initial values, juvenile rates of change, and average mature values all exhibited significant genetic variation for both SPGs and CTs. 4. Relationships between defense trajectory parameters and metrics of tree fitness (growth and survivorship) depended on compound type and tree sex. Females with higher‐allocation SPG trajectories (high initial juvenile concentrations, slow juvenile declines, high mature concentrations) grew more slowly relative to females with lower‐allocation trajectories. In males, higher‐allocation SPG trajectories had a lesser effect on growth but were associated with reduced mortality. Juvenile CT trajectories were not correlated with tree fitness, but average CT concentration in maturity was positively related to growth in females. 5. These results suggest that ontogenetic defense trajectories are adaptive and subject to natural selection. Genotypic variation and ontogeny shape tree defensive chemistry, both independently and interactively. These patterns of defense expression have the potential to structure trophic interactions and the genetic composition of forests in both space and time.
Data from: Chemical defense over decadal scales: ontogenetic allocation trajectories and consequences for fitness in a foundation tree species
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Temperature and predator cues interactively affect ontogenetic metabolic scaling of aquatic amphipods
<p>A common belief is that body-mass scaling of metabolic rate results chiefly from intrinsic body-design constraints. However, several studies have shown that multiple ecological factors affect metabolic scaling. The mechanistic basis of these effects is largely unknown. Here, we explore whether abiotic and biotic environmental factors have interactive effects on metabolic scaling. To address this question, we studied the simultaneous effects of temperature and predator cues on the ontogenetic metabolic scaling of amphipod crustaceans inhabiting two different aquatic ecosystems, a freshwater spring and a saltwater lagoon. We assessed effects of phenotypic plasticity on metabolic scaling by exposing amphipods in the laboratory to water with and without fish-cues at multiple temperatures. Temperature interacts significantly with predator cues to affect metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that metabolic scaling is highly malleable in response to short-term acclimation. The interactive effects of temperature and predators show the importance of studying effects of global warming in realistic ecological contexts.</p>
Data from: Ecology of ontogenetic body-mass scaling of gill surface area in a freshwater crustacean
Several studies have documented ecological effects on intra- and interspecific body-size scaling of metabolic rate. However, little is known about how various ecological factors may affect the scaling of respiratory structures supporting oxygen uptake for metabolism. Our study is apparently the first to provide evidence for ecological effects on the scaling of a respiratory structure among conspecific populations of any animal. We compared the body-mass scaling of gill surface area (SA) among eight spring-dwelling populations of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus minus. Although gill SA scaling was not related to water temperature, conductivity or G. minus population density, it was significantly related to predation regime (and secondarily to pH). Body-mass scaling slopes for gill SA were significantly lower in four populations inhabiting springs with fish predators than for those in four springs without fish (based on comparing means of the population slopes, or slopes calculated from pooled raw data for each comparison group). As a result, gill SA was proportionately smaller in adult amphipods from fish vs. fishless springs. This scaling difference paralleled similar differences in the scaling exponents for the rates of growth and resting metabolic rate. We hypothesized that gill SA scaling is shallower in fish vs. fishless spring populations of G. minus because of effects of size-selective predation on size-specific growth and activity that in turn affect the scaling of oxygen demand and concomitantly the gill capacity (SA) for oxygen uptake. Although influential theory claims that metabolic scaling is constrained by internal body design, our study builds on previous work to show that the scaling of both metabolism and the respiratory structures supporting it may be ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable.
Figure 24. Licnobelba latiflabellata, scale bars 50 in Setal losses in the dorsal hysterosoma of Plateremaeoidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogenetic studies
Figure 24. Licnobelba latiflabellata, scale bars 50 µm. (A) Anal region of larva; (B) anogenital region of protonymph. Explanation of labels in text.
Figure 16. Licnodamaeus costula, scale bar 50 in Setal losses in the dorsal hysterosoma of Plateremaeoidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogenetic studies
Figure 16. Licnodamaeus costula, scale bar 50 µm. (A) Anal region of larva; (B) anogenital region of protonymph. Explanation of labels in text.
Figure 6. Aleurodamaeus setosus, scale bars 50 in Setal losses in the dorsal hysterosoma of Plateremaeoidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogenetic studies
Figure 6. Aleurodamaeus setosus, scale bars 50 µm. (A) Anal region of larva; (B) anogenital region of protonymph. Explanation of labels in text.
Figure 16. Jacotella neonominata, scale bars 50 in Ontogenetic studies of three species of Gymnodamaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) with a focus on regressions of hysterosomal setae
Figure 16. Jacotella neonominata, scale bars 50 µm. (A) Anal region of larva; (B) anogenital region of tritonymph. Explanation of labels in text.
Figure 4. Arthrodamaeus reticulatus, scale bars 50 in Ontogenetic studies of three species of Gymnodamaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) with a focus on regressions of hysterosomal setae
Figure 4. Arthrodamaeus reticulatus, scale bars 50 µm. (A) Anal region of larva; (B) anogenital region of protonymph. Explanation of labels in text.
Temperature and predator cues interactively affect ontogenetic metabolic scaling of aquatic amphipods
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Data from: Ecology of ontogenetic body-mass scaling of gill surface area in a freshwater crustacean
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Data from: Fine-scale appendage structure of the Cambrian trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa and its ontogenetic and ecological implications
<p>Trilobitomorphs are a species-rich Palaeozoic arthropod assemblage that unites trilobites with several other lineages that share similar appendage structure. Post-embryonic development of the exoskeleton is well documented for some trilobitomorphs, especially trilobites, but little is known of the ontogeny of their soft parts, limiting understanding of their autecology. Here we document appendage structure of the Cambrian naraoiid trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa by computed microtomography, resulting in three-dimensional reconstructions of appendages at both juvenile and adult stages. The adult has dense, strong spines on the protopods of post-antennal appendages, implying a predatory/scavenging behavior. Absence of such gnathobasic structures but instead tiny protopodal bristles and a number of endopodal setae suggests a detritus-feeding strategy for the juvenile. Our data add strong morphological evidence for ecological-niche shifting by Cambrian arthropods during their life cycles. A conserved number of appendages across the sampled developmental stages demonstrates that Naraoia ceased budding off new appendages by the mid-juvenile stage.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Ontogenetic and interspecific scaling of consumption in insects
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Data from: Ontogenetic and interspecific metabolic scaling in insects
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Data from: Fine-scale appendage structure of the Cambrian trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa and its ontogenetic and ecological implications
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