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12 results for “Opposing selection”
Data from: Opposing effects of competition and selection on macroevolutionary dynamics
<p>The diversity of species and traits is the outcome of multiple evolutionary processes operating over millions of years. These processes affect rates of trait evolution, speciation, and extinction. A key problem is identifying the relative importance of distinct processes in driving observed patterns in species traits and phylogenetic trees. Here, we show how two processes, competition and stabilising selection, can act opposingly but still leave identifiable traces in macroevolutionary data. Building on previous simulation studies, we model the joint influence of competition and stabilising selection on rates of trait evolution, speciation completion, and extinction. We find that opposing effects result in nuanced patterns of trait evolution and diversification dynamics that, when considered in isolation, could easily lead to misinterpretation. In particular, while the best fitting likelihood model of trait evolution is typically Brownian motion when competition and stabilising selection act simultaneously, we find stronger phylogenetic signal than expected under BM and trait distributions that are distinctly platykurtic. Taken together, we suggest that by considering multiple simple metrics measuring trait evolution and diversification dynamics it may be possible, though challenging, to identify the relative contribution of these two processes operating together in macroevolutionary data.</p>
Data from: Opposing effects of competition and selection on macroevolutionary dynamics
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Beauty or function? The opposing effects of natural and sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons in male black field crickets
<p>Although many theoretical models of male sexual trait evolution assume that sexual selection is countered by natural selection, direct empirical tests of this assumption are relatively uncommon. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are known to play an important role in restricting evaporative water loss but also in sexual signalling in most terrestrial arthropods. Insects adjusting their CHC layer for optimal desiccation resistance is often thought to come at the expense of successful sexual attraction suggesting that natural and sexual selection are in opposition for this trait. In this study, we sampled the CHCs of male black field crickets (<em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>commodus</em>) using solid-phase microextraction and then either measured their evaporative water loss or mating success. We then used multivariate selection analysis to quantify the strength and form of natural and sexual selection targeting male CHCs. Both natural and sexual selection imposed significant linear and stabilizing selection on male CHCs, although for very different combinations. Natural selection largely favoured an increase in the total abundance of CHCs, especially those with a longer chain length. In contrast, mating success peaked at a lower total abundance of CHCs and declined as CHC abundance increased. However, mating success did improve with an increase in a number of specific CHC components that also increased evaporative water loss. Importantly, this resulted in the combination of male CHCs favoured by natural selection and sexual selection being strongly opposing. Our findings suggest that the balance between natural and sexual selection is likely to play an important role in the evolution of male CHCs in <em>T. commodus</em> and may help explain why CHCs are so divergent across populations and species.</p>
Beauty or function? The opposing effects of natural and sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons in male black field crickets
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Data from: Selection on parental performance opposes selection for larger body mass in a wild population of blue tits
There is abundant evidence in many taxa for positive directional selection on body size, and yet little evidence for microevolutionary change. In many species, variation in body size is partly determined by the actions of parents, so a proposed explanation for stasis is the presence of a negative genetic correlation between direct and parental effects. Consequently, selecting genes for increased body size would result in a correlated decline in parental effects, reducing body size in the following generation. We show that these arguments implicitly assume that parental care is cost free, and that including a cost alters the predicted genetic architectures needed to explain stasis. Using a large cross-fostered population of blue tits, we estimate direct selection on parental effects for body mass, and show it is negative. Negative selection is consistent with a cost to parental care, mainly acting through a reduction in current fecundity rather than survival. Under these conditions, evolutionary stasis is possible for moderately negative genetic correlations between direct and parental effects. This is in contrast to the implausibly extreme correlations needed when care is assumed to be cost free. Thus, we highlight the importance of accounting correctly for complete selection acting on traits across generations.
Data from: A small badge of longevity: opposing survival selection on the size of white and black wing markings
According to handicap principle, exaggerated ornamental traits are supposed to exert costs on their bearers. However, there is much less theoretical and practical consensus about whether and under which conditions ornament expression should positively correlate with survival. We measured age-related variation and survival selection on the size of white wing patches and black wing tips in a long-lived monogamous seabird, the common gull Larus canus. Males had larger white patches than females but patch size showed concave relationship with age irrespective of sex, suggesting that white patch size was prone to senescence in both sexes. Extent of wing tip abrasion correlated negatively with the size of white patch, suggesting, in agreement with the Zahavian handicap hypothesis that only individuals with largest ornaments are able of maintaining them and not paying cost of displaying them. Areas of white wing patches and black wing tips correlated negatively. Irrespective of sex, survival selection favored birds with larger white wing patches and smaller black wing tips, which suggests that white and black wing markings may have coevolved as reverse components of a single ornament. Altogether, our results provide an evidence for the case where survival selection on ornamental traits in females is not weaker than in males. Absence of sex differences with respect to most of observed patterns is consistent with a prediction that among monogamous long-lived species with biparental care, mutual mate choice leads to evolution of elaborate ornamental traits in both sexes.
Data from: The design of a beautiful weapon: compensation for opposing sexual selection on a trait with two functions
Male fiddler crabs, genus Uca, have one greatly enlarged claw with which they court females and threaten and fight other males. Longer claws are more effective signals but are thought to be less effective weapons because the relative closing force at the tip of the claw decreases with claw length. We studied claw morphology and fighting in Uca terpsichores and Uca beebei and found a mechanism that may resolve opposing selection for signaling and fighting ability. When males fought they delivered gripping forces not at the tips but at the tubercles on the inner margins of their claws' fingers. As claws grow, these tubercles remain relatively close to the apex of the gape. Consequently, the mechanical advantage that governs the forces that can be delivered at these tubercles decreases only slightly with increasing claw length allowing the claw to be an effective signal and a powerful weapon. Animal weapons are exceptionally diverse in form and detail of armature and the causes of this diversity are poorly understood. We suggest that the designs of weapons may often reflect compensatory patterns of growth and placement of armature that enhances the weapon's overall utility for multiple uses in competition for mates.
Data from: The design of a beautiful weapon: compensation for opposing sexual selection on a trait with two functions
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Data from: A small badge of longevity: opposing survival selection on the size of white and black wing markings
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Data from: Selection on parental performance opposes selection for larger body mass in a wild population of blue tits
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Data from: Colour polymorphism torn apart by opposing positive frequency-dependent selection, yet maintained in space
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Opposing chromatin remodeler activities control initiation frequency and start site selection
GEO Series GSE115412. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 82 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing; Other; Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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