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92 results for “Opsin”
Supplementary data for: Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal Neotropical frogs and loss of the SWS2 opsin in poison frogs
<p><span></span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p>Amphibians are ideal for studying visual system evolution because their biphasic (aquatic and terrestrial) life history and ecological diversity expose them to a broad range of visual conditions. Here we evaluate signatures of selection on visual opsin genes across Neotropical anurans and focus on three diurnal clades that are well-known for the concurrence of conspicuous colors and chemical defense (i.e., aposematism): poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), Harlequin toads (Bufonidae: <em>Atelopus</em>), and pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalidae: <em>Brachycephalus</em>). We found evidence of positive selection on 44 amino acid sites in LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and RH1 opsin genes, of which one in LWS and two in RH1 have been previously identified as spectral tuning sites in other vertebrates. Given that anurans have mostly nocturnal habits, the patterns of selection revealed new sites that might be important in spectral tuning for frogs, potentially for adaptation to diurnal habits and for color-based intraspecific communication. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SWS2, normally expressed in rod cells in frogs and some salamanders, has likely been lost in the ancestor of Dendrobatidae, suggesting that under low-light levels, dendrobatids have inferior wavelength discrimination compared to other frogs. This loss might follow the origin of diurnal activity in dendrobatids and could have implications for their chemical ecology, biodiversity, and behavior. Our analyses show that assessments of opsin diversification in understudied groups could expand our understanding of the role of sensory system evolution in ecological adaptation.</p>
Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
<p>Tuning the visual sensory system to the ambient light is essential for survival in many animal species. This is often achieved through duplication, functional diversification, and/or differential expression of visual opsin genes. Here, we examined 753 new retinal transcriptomes from 112 species of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika to unravel adaptive changes in gene expression at the macro-evolutionary and ecosystem level of one of the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations. We found that, across the radiation, all seven cone opsins – but not the rhodopsin – rank among the most differentially expressed genes in the retina, together with other vision-, circadian-rhythm-, and haemoglobin-related genes. We propose two new visual palettes characteristic of very shallow- and deep-water living species, respectively, and show that visual system adaptations along two major ecological axes, macro-habitat and diet, occur primarily via gene expression variation in a subset of cone opsin genes.</p>
The diversity of opsins in Lake Baikal amphipods (Amphipoda: Gammaridae)
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Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
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Supplementary data for: Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal Neotropical frogs and loss of the SWS2 opsin in poison frogs
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Data from: Opsin genes of select treeshrews resolve ancestral character states within Scandentia
Treeshrews are small, squirrel-like mammals in the order Scandentia, which is nested together with Primates and Dermoptera in the superordinal group Euarchonta. They are often described as living fossils, and researchers have long turned to treeshrews as a model or ecological analogue for ancestral primates. A comparative study of colour vision-encoding genes within Scandentia found a derived amino acid substitution in the long-wavelength sensitive opsin gene (OPN1LW) of the Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew (Dendrogale melanura). The opsin, by inference, is red-shifted by ca. 6 nm with an inferred peak sensitivity of 561 nm. It is tempting to view this trait as a novel visual adaptation; however, the genetic and functional diversity of visual pigments in treeshrews is unresolved outside of Borneo. Here we report gene sequences from the northern smooth-tailed treeshrew (Dendrogale murina) and the Mindanao treeshrew (Tupaia everetti, the senior synonym of Urogale everetti). We found that the opsin genes are under purifying selection and that D. murina shares the same substitution as its congener, a result that distinguishes Dendrogale from other treeshrews, including T. everetti. We discuss the implications of opsin functional variation in light of limited knowledge about the visual ecology of smooth-tailed treeshrews.
Opsin data from: Multiple axes of visual system diversity in Ithomiini, an ecologically diverse tribe of mimetic butterflies
<p><span>The striking structural variation seen in arthropod visual systems can be explained by the overall quantity and spatio-temporal structure of light within habitats coupled with developmental and physiological constraints. However, little is currently known about how fine-scale variation in visual structures arise across shorter evolutionary and ecological scales. In this study, we characterise patterns of interspecific (between species), intraspecific (between sexes) and intraindividual (between eye regions) variation in the visual system of four ithomiine butterfly species. These species are part of a diverse 26-Myr-old Neotropical radiation where changes in mimetic colouration are associated with fine-scale shifts in ecology, such as microhabitat preference. By using a combination of selection analyses on visual opsin sequences, in-vivo ophthalmoscopy, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and neural tracing, we quantify and describe physiological, anatomical, and molecular traits involved in visual processing. Using these data, we provide evidence of substantial variation within the visual systems of Ithomiini, including: i) relaxed selection on visual opsins, perhaps mediated by habitat preference, ii) interspecific shifts in visual system physiology and anatomy, and iii) extensive sexual dimorphism, including the complete absence of a butterfly-specific optic neuropil in the males of some species. We conclude that considerable visual system variation can exist within diverse insect radiations, hinting at the evolutionary lability of these systems to rapidly develop specialisations to distinct visual ecologies, with selection acting at both the perceptual, processing, and molecular level.</span></p>
Data from: Repeated divergence in opsin genes expression mirrors photic habitat changes in rapidly evolving crater lake cichlid fishes
<div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Selection pressures differ along environmental gradients and organisms' phenotypes. Traits tightly linked to fitness (e.g., the visual system) are expected to closely track environmental variation along gradients. Within such gradients, adaptation to local conditions might be due to heritable and non-heritable, environmentally induced variation. Disentangling these sources of phenotypic variation requires studying, in nature and the laboratory, closely related populations experiencing different environments. The Nicaraguan great and crater lakes show an environmental gradient in photic conditions extending from clear crater lakes to very turbid great lakes. From two old, turbid great lakes, Midas cichlid fish (<em>Amphilophus </em>cf.<em> citrinellus</em>) independently colonized seven isolated crater lakes of varying light conditions, resulting in a small adaptive radiation. We estimated the variation in visual sensitivities along this photic gradient by measuring differential cone opsin gene expression among populations from different lakes. The visual sensitivities observed in all seven derived crater lake populations have not changed randomly but shifted predictably in direction and magnitude, repeatedly mirroring changes in photic conditions. Intrapopulation phenotypic variation decreases as environments become spectrally narrower suggesting different selective landscapes within the gradient. Comparing wild-caught and lab-reared fish revealed that 48% of this phenotypic variation is genetically determined and evolved rapidly. Our results demonstrate deterministic, rapid phenotypic evolution that fine-tunes visual sensitivity to fine-scale environmental variation.</span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText"><span> </span></p> </div> </div> </div>
Nematostella vectensis full length opsin sequences and transcriptomes
<p>Opsins are the primary proteins responsible for light detection in animals. Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals) have diverse visual systems that have evolved in parallel with bilaterians (squid, flies, fish) for hundreds of millions of years. Medusozoans (e.g. jellyfish, hydroids) have evolved eyes multiple times, each time independently incorporating distinct opsin orthologs. Anthozoans (e.g. corals, sea anemones,) have diverse light-mediated behaviors and, despite being eyeless, exhibit more extensive opsin duplications than medusozoans. To better understand the evolution of photosensitivity in animals without eyes we increased anthozoan representation in the phylogeny of animal opsins and investigated the large but poorly characterized opsin family in the sea anemone <em>Nematostella</em> <em>vectensis</em>. We analyzed genomic and transcriptomic data from 16 species of cnidarians to generate a large opsin phylogeny (708 sequences) with the largest sampling of anthozoan sequences to date. We identified 29 opsins from <em>N. vectensis</em> (NvOpsins) with high confidence, using transcriptomic and genomic datasets. We found that lineage-specific opsin duplications are common across Cnidaria, with anthozoan lineages exhibiting among the highest numbers of opsins in animals. To establish the putative photosensory function of NvOpsins, we identified canonically conserved protein domains and amino acid sequences essential for opsin function in other animal species. We show high sequence diversity among NvOpsins at sites important for photoreception and transduction, suggesting potentially diverse functions. We further examined the spatiotemporal expression of NvOpsins and found both dynamic expression of opsins during embryonic development and sexually dimorphic opsin expression in adults. These data show that lineage-specific duplication and divergence have led to expansive diversity of opsins in eyeless cnidarians, suggesting opsins from these animals may exhibit novel biochemical functions. The variable expression patterns of opsins in <em>N. vectensis </em>suggest opsin gene duplications allowed for a radiation of unique sensory cell types with tissue- and stage-specific functions. This diffuse network of distinct sensory cell types could be an adaptive solution for varied sensory tasks experienced in distinct life history stages in anthozoans.</p>
Supplementary material data for: Unstable environmental conditions constrain the fine-tune between opsin sensitivity and underwater light in an Amazon forest stream fish
<p>Visual adaptations can stem from variations in amino acid composition, chromophore utilization, and differential opsin gene expression levels, enabling individuals to adjust their light sensitivity to environmental lighting conditions. In stable environments, adaptations often involve amino acid substitutions, whereas in unstable conditions, differential gene expression may be a more relevant mechanism. Amazon forest streams present diverse underwater lighting conditions and experience short-term water colour fluctuations. In these environments, it is less likely for genetic and amino acid sequences to undergo modifications that tailor opsin proteins to the prevailing lighting conditions, particularly in species having several copies of the same gene. The sailfin tetra, <em>Crenuchus spilurus</em>, inhabits black and clear water Amazon forest streams. The long wavelength sensitivity (LWS) is an important component for foraging and courtship. Here, we investigated LWS opsin genes in the <em>sailfin tetra</em>. Three copies of LWS1 and two copies of LWS2 genes were found. The maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) estimated from the amino acid sequences of LWS1 genes exhibited variation among the different copies. In contrast, the copies of LWS2 genes showed identical expected λmax values. Although the amino acid positions affecting λmax varied among LWS genes, they remained consistent among populations living in different water colours. The relative expression levels of LWS genes differed between gene copies. While not formally tested, our results suggest that in fluctuating environments, visual adaptations may primarily stem from alterations in gene expression profiles and/or chromophore usage rather than precise genetic tuning of protein light sensitivity to environmental lighting conditions.</p>
Data from: Diversity and molecular evolution of non-visual opsin genes across environmental, developmental, and morphological adaptations in frogs
<p>Dataset for the article Diversity and molecular evolution of non-visual opsin genes across environmental, developmental, and morphological adaptations in frogs. Includes non-visual opsin coding sequences from frogs, sequence alingments, phylogenetics trees, and raw PAML results files.</p>
Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes
<p>Coral reef fishes are diverse in ecology and behaviour and show remarkable colour variability. Investigating the visual pigment gene (opsin) expression in these fishes makes it possible to associate their visual genotype and phenotype (spectral sensitivities) to visual tasks, such as feeding strategy or conspecific detection. By studying all major damselfish clades (Pomacentridae) and representatives from five other coral reef fish families, we show that the long-wavelength-sensitive (<em>lws</em>) opsin is highly expressed in algivorous and less or not expressed in zooplanktivorous species. <em>Lws</em> is also upregulated in species with orange/red colours (reflectance >520 nm) and expression is highest in orange/red-coloured algivores. Visual models from the perspective of a typical damselfish indicate that sensitivity to longer wavelengths does enhance the ability to detect the red to far-red component of algae and orange/red-coloured conspecifics, possibly enabling social signalling. Character state reconstructions indicate that in the early evolutionary history of damselfishes, there was no <em>lws</em> expression and no orange/red coloration. Omnivory was most often the dominant state. Although herbivory was sometimes dominant, zooplanktivory was never dominant. Sensitivity to long wavelength (increased <em>lws</em> expression) only emerged in association with algivory but never with zooplanktivory. Higher <em>lws</em> expression is also exploited by social signalling in orange/red, which emerged after the transition to algivory. Although the relative timing of traits may deviate by different reconstructions and alternative explanations are possible, our results are consistent with sensory bias whereby social signals evolve as a correlated response to natural selection on sensory system properties in other contexts.</p>
Oviposition behaviour is not affected by ultraviolet light in a butterfly with sexually-dimorphic expression of a UV-sensitive opsin
<p>Animal vision is important for mediating multiple complex behaviours. In <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies, vision guides fundamental behaviours such as oviposition, foraging and mate choice. Colour vision in <em>Heliconius</em> involves ultraviolet (UV), blue and long- wavelength sensitive photoreceptors (opsins). Additionally, <em>Heliconius</em> possess a duplicated UV opsin, and its expression varies widely within the genus. In <em>Heliconius</em> <em>erato</em>, opsin expression is sexually dimorphic; only females express both UV-sensitive opsins, enabling UV wavelength discrimination. However, the selective pressures responsible for sex-specific differences in opsin expression and visual perception remain unresolved. Female <em>Heliconius</em> invest heavily in finding suitable hostplants for oviposition, a behaviour heavily dependent on visual cues. Here, we tested the hypothesis that UV vision is important for oviposition in <em>H</em>. <em>erato</em> and <em>Heliconius</em> <em>himera</em> females by manipulating the availability of UV in behavioural experiments under natural conditions. Our results indicate that UV does not influence the number of oviposition attempts or eggs laid, and the hostplant, <em>Passiflora</em> <em>punctata</em>, does not reflect UV wavelengths. Models of <em>H. erato</em> female vision suggest only minimal stimulation of the UV opsins. Overall, these findings suggest that UV wavelengths do not directly affect the ability of <em>Heliconius</em> females to find suitable oviposition sites. Alternatively, UV discrimination could be used in the context of foraging or mate choice, but this remains to be tested.</p>
Data from: Multifactorial processes underlie parallel opsin loss in neotropical bats
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Data from: Opsin genes of select treeshrews resolve ancestral character states within Scandentia
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Supplementary material data for: Unstable environmental conditions constrain the fine-tune between opsin sensitivity and underwater light in an Amazon forest stream fish
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Oviposition behaviour is not affected by ultraviolet light in a butterfly with sexually-dimorphic expression of a UV-sensitive opsin
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Supplemental datasets: Opsin gene expression plasticity and spectral sensitivity in male damselflies could mediate female colour morph detection
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Nematostella vectensis full length opsin sequences and transcriptomes
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Caecilians maintain a functional long-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin gene despite signatures of relaxed selection and more than 200 million years of fossoriality
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