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FIGURE 5 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 5. Epithelial cells of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) SEM micrograph of choanocytes. B) TEM micrograph of choanocytes (Ch), lined by a basement membrane, and apopylar cell (AC). C) SEM micrograph of apopylar cell, choanocytes and vacuolar cell (VC). D) SEM micrograph of endopinacocytes (En) and symbiotic bacteria (B) in the mesohyl. E) TEM micrograph of endopinacocytes (En). F) SEM micrograph of exopinacocytes (Ex) and vacuolar cell (VC).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 1. Location of the collection sites of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. in the Gulf of the Peter of Great, Vostok Bay (Pacific Ocean, Japan Sea). The circles indicate the exact collecting sites.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 4. The anatomical structures of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) Light microscopy micrograph, showing the external part of sponge with the ectosome. B) SEM micrograph, showing the ostium, inhalant canal, exopinacoderm and choanocyte chambers distribution. C) SEM micrograph, showing the choanocyte chamber and apopyle. D) SEM micrograph, showing the exopinacoderm with the ostia arrangements. Abbreviation: Ap — apopyle; CC — choanocyte chamber; Ex — exopinacoderm; Ic — inhalant canal; O — ostium.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 3. General anatomy of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) Light microscopy micrograph, showing the arrangement of choanocyte chambers (CC) around exhalant canals, the large basal cavities (BC), and the embryous (E). B) SEM micrograph, showing the arrangement of ostia (O) on the exopinacoderm (Ex), inhalant canals (Ic), the larva (L), and the embryous (E).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 7. Endosimbiotic bacteria of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) TEM micrograph of bacteria type B1 and B2. B) SEM micrograph of bacteria type B1 and B2.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 8. Buds of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) Photograph of a budding sponge. B) Photograph of the buds. The arrows show the buds.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 6. The cells of the mesohyl in Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A, B) TEM micrographs of archaeocytes. C) TEM micrograph of granular cell. D) TEM micrograph of vacuolar cells. Abbreviations: B — symbiotic bacteria; G — granule; N — nucleus; Nu — nucleolus; Ph — phagosome; V — vacuole.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Oscarella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from the Western Sea of Japan

FIGURE 2. External morphology of Oscarella malakhovi sp. nov. A) Photograph of a large specimen taken at 0.5 m depth on the stone, where is clearly visible the characteristics lumpy, microlobate surface. B) Photograph of a small specimen taken at 3 m depth on the shell of bivalve. The arrows show the sponge.

FIGS 14 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 14±17. (14) Peripheral blastomeres of the morula of O. lobularis (SEM). Fi, Žlopodia; Y, yolk granules; Fc, follicular cell. Scale bar: 5 Mm. (15) Semi-thin section through the morula of O. tuberculata during migration of internal cells to the surface of the embryos. Bc, blastocoel; Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (16) Peripheral blastomeres of the morula of O. imperialis (TEM). N, nucleus; Y, yolk granules; Fc, follicular cell. Scale bar: 2 Mm. (17) Internal blastomeres of the morula of O. lobularis (TEM). N, nucleus; Nu, nucleolus; Y, yolk granules. Scale bar: 2 Mm.

FIGS 22 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 22±25. (22) Symbiotic bacteria (Ba) inside the cleaving embryos of O. imperialis (TEM). B, blastomeres. Scale bar: 2 Mm. (23) Symbiotic bacteria (Ba) and maternal cells (Mc) between the layer of follicular cells (Fc) and the mature egg (Eg) of Oscarella sp. (SEM). Scale bar: 5 Mm. (24) Symbiotic bacteria (Ba) of diVerent morphotypes and maternal cells (Mc) between the layer of follicular cells (Fc) and the cleaving embryos (E) of Oscarella sp. (SEM). Scale bar: 2 Mm. (25) Symbiotic bacteria (Ba) of one morphotype inside the morula of O. tuberculata (TEM). B, blastomeres. Scale bar: 1 Mm.

FIGS 18 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 18±21. (18) Follicle of the egg of O. imperialis (TEM). Fc, follicular cells; Co, internal layer of collagen; Ba, dividing symbiotic bacteria; Y, yolk granules of the egg. Scale bar: 2 Mm. (19) Vacuolar cells type I (Vc) and symbiotic bacteria (Ba) inside the mesohyl of an adult specimen of O. lobularis (SEM). Scale bar: 5 Mm. (20) Vacuolar cells type I (Vc) and symbiotic bacteria (Ba) inside a cleaving embryos of O. lobularis (SEM). B, blastomeres. Scale bar: 5 Mm. (21) Symbiotic bacteria of two morphological types (BaI, BaII) inside the cleaving embryos of O. lobularis (SEM). B, blastomere. Scale bar: 1 Mm.

FIGS 10 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 10±13. (10) Semi-thin section through the morula of O. lobularis. Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (11) Semi-thin section through the morula of O. imperialis. Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (12) Semi-thin section through the morula of O. tuberculata. Cc, choanocyte chamber; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (13) Semi-thin section through the morula of O. microlobata. Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm.

FIGS 2 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 2±5. (2) Egg of O. tuberculata (SEM). M, mesohyl; Y, yolk granules. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (3) Semi-thin section through the central part of the egg O. imperialis. N, nucleus; Y, yolk granules. Scale bar: 10 Mm. (4) Semi-thin section through the stage four blastomeres (B) of O. lobularis. Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (5) Semi-thin section through the stage four blastomeres (B) of Oscarella. sp. N, nucleus; Fo, follicle; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm.

FIGS 6 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIGS 6±9. (6) Asynchronous cleavage in the embryos of O. lobularis at the stage 16 blastomeres (B) (SEM). N, nucleus. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (7) Semi-thin section through the cleaving embryos of O. imperialis at the stage 10 blastomeres (B). Fo, follicle. Scale bar: 50 Mm. (8) Blastomere of the embryo of O. imperialis at the stage 16 blastomeres (TEM). N, nucleus; Nu, nucleolus; Y, yolk granule; Ba, symbiotic bacteria; Fc, follicular cells; Co, collagen layer of the follicle. Scale bar: 5 Mm. (9) Cleaving embryos of O. lobularis at the stage 24 blastomeres (B) (SEM). Fo, follicle; Mc, maternal cells; Ex, exhalant canal. Scale bar: 50 Mm.

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FIG. 1 in Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

FIG. 1. Map of the north-west Mediterranean coast showing the localities (A and B) of the sites of collection of the Žve species of Oscarella. (A) Details of the Provence coast; 1, Endoume Cave; 2, Riou Archipelago; 3, Jarre Island; 4, Jarre Cave; 5, La Vesse; 6, Cap Fauconnières. (B) Detail of the Catalan coast with the locality of the Medes Islands.