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35 results for “Osedax”
Data from: Bone-eating Osedax females and their 'harems' of dwarf males are recruited from a common larval pool
Extreme male dwarfism occurs in Osedax (Annelida: Siboglinidae), marine worms with sessile females that bore into submerged bones. Osedax are hypothesized to use environmental sex-determination (ESD), in which undifferentiated larvae that settle on bones develop as females, and subsequent larvae that settle on females transform into dwarf males. This study addresses several hypotheses regarding possible recruitment sources for the males: (1) common larval pool — males and females are sampled from a common pool of larvae; (2) neighborhood — males are supplied by a limited number of neighboring females; and (3) arrhenotoky — males are primarily the sons of host females. Osedax rubiplumus were sampled from submerged whalebones located at 1820 and 2893 m depths in Monterey Bay, California. Immature females typically did not host males, but mature females maintained male "harems" that grew exponentially in the number of males as female size increased. Allozyme analysis of the females revealed binomial proportions of nuclear genotypes, an indication of random sexual mating. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from the male harems and their host females allowed us to reject the arrhenotoky and neighborhood hypotheses for male recruitment. No significant partitioning of mitochondrial diversity existed between the male and female sexes, or between subsamples of worms collected at different depths or during different years (2002–2007). Mitochondrial sequence diversity was very high in these worms, suggesting that as many as 106 females contributed to a common larval pool from which the two sexes were randomly drawn.
FIGURE 7. A in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 7. A. Whale skull trawled from ~390 m on the Pukaki Rise off New Zealand with an inset close-up of the Osedax. Arrows and inset point at Osedax patches. B. Osedax estcourti n. sp. holotype (NIWA 159436), desiccated, with four apinnulate palps (indicated by numbers 1–4) in tube and the ovisac/root region still in bone. C. Osedax traceyae n. sp. holotype (NIWA 159436) comprising desiccated apinnulate palps (indicated by numbers 1–4) in tube.
FIGURE 2 in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood Osedax phylogenetic tree generated with data from five genetic markers as listed in Table 2. Bootstrap support values are on each node; those below 50% not shown. Presence or absence of pinnules is noted for each clade.
FIGURE 1 in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 1. Map of geographic distributions of the four new Osedax species described here. The map was generated using the R package marmap (Pante & Simon-Bouhet 2013).
FIGURE 4. A. Osedax bozoi n in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 4. A. Osedax bozoi n. sp., dorsal view of female holotype (SIO-BIC 13918) still partially in bone. B. Osedax bozoi n. sp., ventral view of holotype (SIO-BIC 13918) removed from bone. C. Paratype female Osedax bozoi n. sp. (SIO-BIC 13920) removed from bone showing palps, ovisac, and roots. D. Paratype female Osedax bozoi n. sp. (SIO-BIC 13922) showing palps, trunk, ovisac, and root system.
FIGURE 6 in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 6. Haplotype networks using COI. Circles are haplotypes, green circles and crosshatches are single nucleotide substitutions. * indicates the haplotype of the holotype. A. Network for six specimens of Osedax bozoi n. sp. GenBank accession numbers: ON357627, ON357628, ON357629, ON357630, ON357631 (Holotype), ON357686. B. Network for two specimens of Osedax craigmcclaini n. sp. GenBank accession numbers: MN258704, ON211944 (Holotype).
FIGURE 5. A. Osedax craigmcclaini n in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 5. A. Osedax craigmcclaini n. sp. palps of holotype (SIO-BIC A13910) still in the bone. B. Osedax craigmcclaini n. sp. pinnulate palps of holotype (SIO-BIC A13910) removed from bone; the remaining body piece was used for DNA extraction.
FIGURE 3. A. Cow bones from which Osedax bozoi n in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 3. A. Cow bones from which Osedax bozoi n. sp. were found being recovered by ROV after 51 days at ~2,000 m in the Gulf of Mexico. B. Spine and skull of Alligator mississippiensis deployed at ~2,000 m in the Gulf of Mexico. Osedax are visible on the vertebrae and jaw. Osedax craigmcclaini n. sp. was found on these bones. C. Alligator mississippiensis skull with Osedax visible on the jaw. Images courtesy of Craig McClain.
FIGURE 8 in New Species of Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida) from New Zealand and the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 8. Haplotype networks using COI. Circles are haplotypes, blue circles and crosshatches are single nucleotide substitutions. * indicates the haplotype of the holotype. A. Network for three specimens of Osedax estcourti n. sp. GenBank accession numbers: ON211941, ON211942, ON211943 (Holotype). B. Network for 11 specimens of Osedax traceyae n. sp. GenBank accession numbers: ON211983, ON211984, ON211985, ON211986, ON211987, ON211988, ON211989, ON211990 (Holotype), ON211991, ON211992, ON211993.
FIGURE 17. Osedax randyi n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 17. Osedax randyi n. sp., previously Osedax 'white collar'. A. Micrograph of live holotype (SIO-BIC A7845), female in lateral view, removed from its tube and showing crown, trunk and part of ovisac. Note midventral gap in white pigment ring. B. Dorsal view of live specimen (paratype SIO-BIC A7847) showing white pigmented ring anteriorly with a dorsal gap where oviduct runs through it. Note pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally and oviduct lying between dorsalmost pair of palps. C. Differential interference micrograph of a solitary male dissected from tube of paratype (SIO-BIC A7847). Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. A large mass of mature sperm is visible in mid-body and extending into head, though there are a few obvious spermatids. D. Transverse section (7 µm) of paratype (SIO-BIC A7847), through crown showing pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally and oviduct lying between dorsalmost pair of palps. E. Transverse section (7 µm) through the trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7847) showing extensive musculature and glands. Prominent dorsal and ventral blood vessels are also visible.
FIGURE 13. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 13. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral'; sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Cluster of males lying between in tube lumen, in contact with the trunk of a female paratype 4 (SIO-BIC A7836). B. Photomicrograph montage of male allotype (SIO- BIC A7839), from tube of paratype 6 (SIO-BIC A7838). Prototroch is visible anteriorly, as is a mass of mature sperm. Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. C. Closeup of head showing prototroch and mass of mature sperm. D. Mature sperm squeezed out the head of male. E. Mature sperm. F. Close up of posterior segmented region showing hooked chaetae in pairs on one side of segments 2 and 3. Other chaetae are not in plane of focus.
FIGURE 16. Osedax packardorum n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 16. Osedax packardorum n. sp., previously Osedax 'orange collar'. A. Ventral view of the trunk and crown of adult female on bone of a gray whale calf (Eschrichtius robustus) deployed at 385 meters in Monterey Canyon. Bone was recovered and brought to laboratory. Note distinctive dark orange ring around anterior end of trunk two blood vessels in each palp and numerous pinnules. Also note midventral gap in orange pigment ring. B. Another female from same bone in an aquarium. Female is spawning oocytes into water via oviduct that extends from trunk into crown of palps. Arrowhead indicates tip of oviduct. C. Micrograph of live paratype (SIO-BIC A7843) with ovisac and roots still largely in bone. D. Transverse section (7 µm) of paratype (SIO-BIC A7843) through crown showing pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally and oviduct lying slightly to side of the dorsalmost palps. E. Ventral view of trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7844). Pigmented ring is less orange in this specimen, but shows midventral gap. Pinnules of all palps are oriented dorsally. F. Mature sperm in head of a male dissected from the tube of paratype (SIO-BIC A7842). G. Transverse section (7 µm) through trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7843) showing extensive musculature and glands. Prominent dorsal and ventral blood vessels are also visible. H. Differential interference micrograph of male in the tube of paratype (SIO-BIC A7842). Prototroch is visible anteriorly as is a mass of mature sperm. Spermatid bundles (very squeezed) fill majority of body. Hooked chaetae are visible in expanded posterior region.
FIGURE 10. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 10. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral', sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A1639) female, highly contracted and still in tube collected at 2898 meters, Nov. 2004. Note absence of palps. B. Lateral view of trunk of preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A1639), showing oviduct running dorsally along trunk and terminating at anterior end of trunk. C. Dorsal view of posterior region of trunk of preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A1639) showing oviduct emerging from lower trunk region. D. Lower trunk and ovisac of preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A1639). E. Photomontage lateral view of living paratype (SIO-BIC A7836) collected at 2898 meters, November 2009. Tube has been partly peeled away to reveal inflated trunk. Distal (anterior) part of tube is intact and contains anterior part of the trunk that is not inflated (arrow). Oviduct is visible dorsally (left) and does not contain any oocytes. Cluster of more than 20 dwarf males is present at the base of the trunk. F. Close up of base of trunk of living paratype (SIO-BIC A7836) in 10E, showing scattered dwarf males lying on its surface. Oviduct is the white line in left of the image. Blood vessel inside transparent trunk is also visible.
FIGURE 9. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 9. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral', sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Anterior end of whale fall 'Ruby' at 2898 meters in September 2004. Baleen is prominent on surface of sediment in foreground with tubes (white arrows) of large chaetopterid annelid Phyllochaetopterus gigas (see Nishi & Rouse 2014). Little bone obvious on sediment surface. Background has a cluster of more than 10 Osedax jabba n. sp. (black arrow) with their tubes coming directly out of the sediment. B. Cluster of more the 10 (black arrows) Osedax jabba n. sp. at 2898 meters in November 2004. No obvious bone on the sediment surface. C. Two specimens of Osedax jabba n. sp. at 2898 meters in November 2005. Two prominent red blood vessels are visible through the tube of each specimen and these indicate the trunk is occupying whole of tube and is coiled anteriorly. Trunk does not appear to emerge from tube. D. Lateral view of an Osedax jabba n. sp. specimen emerging from sediment surface, though adjacent to a piece of bone, at 2898 meters in January 2006. Blood vessels are visible, indicating trunk is filling tube.
FIGURE 5. Osedax westernflyer n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 5. Osedax westernflyer n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-D'. A. Lateral view of Osedax westernflyer n. sp. paratype (SIO-BIC A7802), with distinctive white pigment (or bacteria) on palps, while still living and in degraded bone. B. Ventro-lateral view of paratype (SIO-BIC A7803) dissected from bone and still alive. Note ventral lobe-like projection of anterior trunk beneath palps (arrow). Oviduct is about half length of the palps. C. Dorsal view of holotype (SIO-BIC A1645) dissected from bone and still alive.
FIGURE 12. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 12. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral'; sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Lower trunk and roots and attached bone fragments of live paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female. Two obvious roots forms; those emerging from ovisac are thick and covered in grey sediment and not directly in contact with bone. These branch into thinner roots that are covered in yellowish sediment. These thinner roots branch as well and cover the pieces of bone. B. Lower trunk and roots and attached bone fragments of preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A7838) collected June 2006 at 2898 meters. Large main roots can be seen emerging from posterior end of ovisac. C–F. Various view of finer roots of paratype (SIO-BIC A7838), showing how they branch and also are in contact with fragments of bone of various sizes. Root surfaces not in contact with the bone are covered in sediment. G. Transverse section (7 µm) of paratype (SIO-BIC A7835), near base of trunk where oviduct has emerged to the outer dorsal surface. As with other Osedax, there is an outer epidermis, circular and longitudinal muscles and glands, as well as two major blood vessels. However, the majority of the trunk interior has no obvious tissue, except for some minor blood vessels and a few oocytes. This interior space is interpreted here as the coelom. H. Another transverse section (7 µm) of paratype (SIO-BIC A7835) towards the distal (anterior) end of the trunk. The same basic structure as seen in G is also apparent here.
FIGURE 4. Osedax tiburon n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 4. Osedax tiburon n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-A'; Osedax ventana n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp- B'; Osedax docricketts n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-C'. A. Lateral view of Osedax tiburon n. sp. in situ in cow bone before dissection. Elongate apinnulate ('nude') palps are within a gelatinous tube. B. Osedax tiburon n. sp. preserved holotype (SIO-BIC A7817), removed from cow bone, showing elongate palps clustered together, obscuring oviduct. Trunk is relatively short and ovisac and roots were largely removed for DNA sequencing. C. Osedax tiburon n. sp. preserved paratype (SIO-BIC A7818) removed from cow bone, also showing elongate palps clustered together, obscuring oviduct. D. Holotype (SIO-BIC A1643) of Osedax ventana n. sp. before removal from cow bone deployed at 2898 meters depth in Monterey Canyon. Elongate apinnulate ('nude') palps are within gelatinous tube and are all that were retained for this species. E. Holotype (SIO-BIC A1644) of Osedax docricketts n. sp. incomplete after dissection, and before preservation.
FIGURE 3. Osedax talkovici n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 3. Osedax talkovici n. sp., previously Osedax 'yellow patch'. A. Paratype (SIO-BIC A7831) in green turtle (Chelonia mydas) bone deployed at 1018 meters in Monterey Canyon, with bone partially dissected away from specimen. Note distinctive yellow patch on ventral part of the anterior trunk. Palps have dorsally-oriented pinnules. In this specimen, ovisac and roots extend laterally beneath surface of the bone rather than penetrating deeply into bone. B. and C. Holotype (SIO-BIC A7821) in ventrolateral (B) and dorsolateral (C) views. Holotype is a female dissected from turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) bone deployed at 1018 meters. Root mass extended into the bone in this specimen, away from the ovisac. Oocytes are visible in oviduct in C. D. Ventral view of female paratype (SIO-BIC A7831) shown in A., now dissected from green turtle bone. E. Lateral view of paratype (SIO-BIC A7829), a female dissected from whale bone deployed at 633 meters. Pinnules of all palps are oriented dorsally. F. Dwarf male allotype (SIO-BIC A7828) taken from the tube of female paratype (SIO-BIC A7830). Hooked chaetae visible posteriorly, with spermatids in mid-body region and mass of mature sperm anteriorly. G. Anterior end of dwarf male allotype (SIO-BIC A7830) showing sperm mass.
FIGURE 7. Osedax lonnyi n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 7. Osedax lonnyi n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-F'. A. Image of live holotype (SIO-BIC A1647) still in tube and attached to whale bone lying at 2898 meters. Note very long palps occupying about 2/3 of tube. No part of trunk is apparent. B. Live holotype dissected from bone and tube. Note short trunk with pigmented ring separating upper and lower trunk. Little root tissue could be extracted, but there was an ovisac region.
FIGURE 1 in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California
FIGURE 1. Osedax phylogenetic analyses. Osedax multi-gene phylogeny with Monilifera as outgroup. Maximum likelihood tree topology based on a partitioned dataset of five gene segments (MAFFT-aligned) for data shown in Table 2. The Bayesian analyses gave the same topology. Bootstrap support % (BS) is at each node, followed by posterior probability (PP) from the MrBayes analyses. * indicates values were ± 95% (BS) and 0.95 (PP). Missing values indicate BS <50% and PP <0.7. Six major Osedax clades are distinguished, following Vrijenhoek et al. (2009), Rouse et al. (2015) and Taboada et al. (2015). The various forms of palps (or absence thereof in the case of O. jabba n. sp.) are indicated for the major clades but these are not intended to indicate apomorphic states.
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