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FIGURE 4 in Outline analysis as a new method for investigating development in fossil crabs

FIGURE 4. Morphospace of the data created by the principal component analysis on the elliptic Fourier analysis of the Liocarcinus data set, created by plotting PC1 and PC2 of the PCA against each other. Included shapes depict graphical component loadings for each PC.

FIGURE 3 in Outline analysis as a new method for investigating development in fossil crabs

FIGURE 3. Morphospace of the data created by the principal component analysis on the elliptic Fourier analysis of the Carcinus maenas data set, created by plotting PC1 and PC2 of the PCA against each other. Included shapes depict graphical component loadings for each PC.

FIGURE 1 in Outline analysis as a new method for investigating development in fossil crabs

FIGURE 1. Different developmental stages of Carcinus maenas under fluorescent and natural light, modified after Braig et al. 2023b. A: Dorsal view of megalopa under fluorescent light (car_29G; Appendix 1). B: Dorsal view of juvenile under fluorescent light (car_2C; Appendix 1). C: Dorsal view of adult under natural light (Oliver Mengedoht/Panzerwelten.de, Recklinghausen), source image did not contain a scale. D: Dorsal view of young adult under natural light (Oliver Mengedoht/Panzerwelten.de, Recklinghausen), source image did not contain a scale.

FIGURE 2 in Outline analysis as a new method for investigating development in fossil crabs

FIGURE 2. Scheme of the methodology. Step 1 (s1): Half of the shield outline is reconstructed from source image in dorsal view. Step 2 (s2): The half of the shield is then duplicated and mirrored in anterior-posterior axis and stitched together to form an entire symmetric shield. Step 3 (s3): The shield is registered in R using the Momocs package with 1493 +/- 259 coordinates for the Carcinus data set and 3053 +/- 1736 coordinates for the Liocarcinus data set.

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Fig. 4. Mean outline shape constructed from 10 in Identification and Distribution of Wedge Clams (Donacidae: Bivalvia) in Thailand by Geometric Morphometric and Molecular Analysis.

Fig. 4. Mean outline shape constructed from 10 harmonics of elliptic Fourier analysis of eight Donax species from Thai waters: Donax (Latona) cuneatus (A), D. (Latona) solidus (B), D. (Latona) faba (C), D. (Deltachion) spinosus (D), D. (Dentilatona) incarnatus (E), D. (Deltachion) bruneirufi (F), D. (Deltachion) semisulcatus semisulcatus (G) and D. (Hecuba) scortum (H).

Text-fig. 47. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of reticulate-foveolate pollen on the surface of a fruit of Serialis antiquum; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Pollen grain showing angular outline and tectum perforated by foveolae of different sizes; note the braided tectum ornamentation formed by aggregations of small ridges (b); aperture not known; c, d) Pollen grain showing angular outline, tectum perforated by foveolae that become smaller toward the presumed pole; note the relatively smooth tectum and faint pattern of braiding ridges (d); aperture not known. Specimens, TV43-S171535-01 (a, b), TV43-S171535-02 (c, d). Scale bars 6 Μm (a, c), 1 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 47. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of reticulate-foveolate pollen on the surface of a fruit of Serialis antiquum; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Pollen grain showing angular outline and tectum perforated by foveolae of different sizes; note the braided tectum ornamentation formed by aggregations of small ridges (b); aperture not known; c, d) Pollen grain showing angular outline, tectum perforated by foveolae that become smaller toward the presumed pole; note the relatively smooth tectum and faint pattern of braiding ridges (d); aperture not known. Specimens, TV43-S171535-01 (a, b), TV43-S171535-02 (c, d). Scale bars 6 Μm (a, c), 1 Μm (b, d).

Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f).

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g).

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing

Fig. 10 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 10. Outline-based discriminant analysis. Factor map of canonical variates (i.e. discriminant factors) derived from the principal components of the Normalised Elliptic Fourier coefficients of three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 6 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 6. Configurations of the ten anatomical landmarks connected by a straight line after procrustes superimposition of three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 2 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 2. Morphological characters of tibia and tarsus used to separate Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909 (A), S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 (B) and S. indicus Picard, 1908 (C).

Fig. 3 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 3. Ten landmarks digitised on wings of species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 flies for landmark-based geometric morphometrics analysis (see Table 2 for description).

Fig. 9 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 9. Configurations of the outlines after Elliptic Fourier Analysis of Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909, S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 and S. indicus Picard, 1908, in males (A) and females (B). Areas outlined by different colours represent shape, not size.

Fig. 5 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 5. Centroid size variation of the wings between species and sexes, shown as quartile boxes. Each box shows the group median separating the 25th and 75th quartiles. Vertical bars under the boxes represent the wing (units as mm).

Fig. 1 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 1. Morphological characters of palpi used to separate Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909 (A), S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 (B) and S. indicus Picard, 1908 (C).

Fig. 8 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 8. Perimeter variation of the wings between species and sexes, shown as quartile boxes. Each box shows the group median sepa- rating the 25th and 75th quartiles. Vertical bars under the boxes represent the wing (units as mm).

Fig. 7 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 7. Landmark-based discriminant analysis. Factor map of canonical variates resulting from comparison among the three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 4 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 4. Contour digitised on Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 flies wing for outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis. A short, artificial segment is computed by the digitising program to completely close the contour.